Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. hluav taws xob cuam tshuam

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. hluav taws xob cuam tshuam
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. hluav taws xob cuam tshuam
Anonim

Kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov txheej txheem xov tooj cua niaj hnub no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas lawv cov kev hem thawj uas yuav tshwm sim. Kev nthuav dav ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov khoom uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg txoj kev xav txog kev hloov kho nws cov dej num hauv ntau yam. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tshem tawm tej yam ntuj tso uas kuj muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb ntxim rau cov nqaij mos ntawm cov kab mob. Tib lub sijhawm, cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj cua thiab lawv qhov chaw sib txawv ntawm ib leeg, yuav tsum muaj kev sib txawv rau txoj kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem no.

Dab tsi yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob?

cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
cov khoom siv hluav taws xob

Txhua cov ntsiab lus uas muaj radionuclides hauv lawv cov qauv hauv cov qib tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem suav tias yog xov tooj cua. Qib txaus ntshai ntawm nuclides cov ntsiab lus yog txiav txim siab los ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cov qauv kev nyab xeeb nuclear. Cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev tsim nyog yog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm kev hem thawj tshuaj lom neeg thiab lom. Lub xub ntiag ntawm radioactive isotopes kuj yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg no yog cov khoom siv dag zog, uas yog, lawv tau synthesized. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm fission ntawm atomsCov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem ua tau, vim qhov kev faib tawm ntawm isotopes tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, cov reactors ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb nuclear muaj cov dej siv hluav taws xob los yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas tau pib ua lub coolant. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hluav taws xob nws tus kheej yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab thermal, uas yog qhov txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum npaj kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

radioactive dej
radioactive dej

Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev txhim kho cov hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv ntuj. Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev sim ntawm hom no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, tau pom lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntsev ntsev los hloov cov pa oxygen rau hauv lub xeev ntawm ozone, ua rau tsaus nti thiab tsim cov kab nrib pleb me me hauv cov iav. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tob tau nthuav tawm thiab nthuav dav ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim uas muaj hluav taws xob muaj xws li: huab cua ionization, tiam ntawm thermal nthwv dej, luminescence, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab lwm yam. txaus ntshai. Cov hluav taws xob tib yam pom nws qhov chaw nyob hauv lub koom haum ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ionization chamber, scintillation, nrog rau kev daws teeb meem ntawm tus kheej cov teeb meem ntawm cov organic synthesis. Kev hloov kho ntawm tus cwj pwm dav dav ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv xov tooj cua tau tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev kawm tob txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua ntawm ionizing teb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg lom.

Radiation sources

radioactive qhov chaw
radioactive qhov chaw

Cov kws tshaj lij hluav taws xob txheeb xyuas ntau pawgyam zoo li no. Nyob rau hauv particular, muaj natural, ntuj thiab cosmic qhov chaw. Ntxiv mus, raws li kev faib tawm nruj, lawv tuaj yeem ua ke rau hauv ib pab pawg, vim, piv txwv li, cosmic hnub ci hluav taws xob haum zoo rau hauv qeb ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim. Tab sis cov hluav taws xob ntuj kuj txhais tau tias muaj kev faib ua pawg. Feem ntau, lawv tau nkag siab tias yog cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm tib neeg, hauv kev tsim cov neeg uas nws tus kheej tau koom nrog, lossis lawv tau ua rau nws qhov kev ua si. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntuj kuj tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv qeb ntawm ntuj, tab sis qhov no, cov khoom ib puag ncig yuav nkag siab ntau dua. Cov peev txheej zoo li no muaj cov isotopes radioactive ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb hauv lawv cov qauv. Raws li rau cosmic hluav taws xob, nws yog tsim los ntawm qhov dub, ntau yam pulsars thiab lwm yam khoom nyob rau hauv uas cov txheej txheem thermonuclear tshwm sim.

raug rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob

Qhov cuam tshuam tuaj yeem yog somatic thiab caj ces. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem muaj teeb meem ntawm ob peb theem lom. Hauv particular, ntawm cellular, subcellular thiab cov ntaub so ntswg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov hluav taws xob somatic tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig, cov kab mob caj ces nrog cov chromosomes kev sib deev tsis cuam tshuam. Cov kab mob zoo li no tuaj yeem tshwm sim raws li kev loj hlob tsis ua haujlwm, ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab kev laus ntxov ntxov. Genetic radioactive cuam tshuam, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, manifests nws tus kheej ntawm qib molecular thiab noob, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom qub. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, kev hloov pauv caj ces tshwm sim, uas tseem cuam tshuamntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev.

cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
cov khoom siv hluav taws xob

cuam tshuam zoo

Kev tshawb fawb hluav taws xob kuj qhia tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov ntaub so ntswg lom. Kev kho mob-zoo tshaj plaws xov tooj cua nyob rau hauv cov koob tshuaj tsawg tsawg muab qhov mob nyem rau rheumatism thiab gout. Qee zaum, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig kho mob hnyav thaum kho. Kuj tseem muaj kev sim thiab kev tswj hwm txoj hlab ntshav ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, uas ua rau txo qis ntawm cov leukocytes. Ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, feem ntau cov haujlwm uas siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog cov kev sim siab hauv qhov xwm txheej. Thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev kis tus kab mob tseem tsis tau nkag siab zoo kom tso cai rau cov kev kho mob zoo li no tau siv dav.

hluav taws xob cuam tshuam
hluav taws xob cuam tshuam

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob sib kis

Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tseem yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib kis. Lub ntsiab pab rau cov txheej txheem no yog tsim los ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb loj uas tsim cov roj nuclear. Nuclear tuam txhab ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg, ua kom lawv pov tseg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau thiab kev sib tsoo uas ua rau tsis muaj kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug tsis tuaj yeem txiav tawm. Piv txwv li, radioactive carbon dioxide feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv tib lub reactors raws li ib tug coolant. Nws siv tau ua pov thawj rau nws tus kheej vim nws tus nqi qis, tab sis qhov nruab nrab gaseous li no ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev thaum tawg.nuclear cov ntsiab lus. Xav paub ntau ntxiv hauv cheeb tsam muaj kuab paug, rau kev tswj xyuas uas muaj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm decontamination.

Dab tsi yog khoom siv hluav taws xob?

Kev tu cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj cua yuav tsum tsim kom muaj ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb. Nws suav nrog cov chaw pov tseg, ua cov nroj tsuag, complexes rau kev pov tseg thiab khaws cia cov teeb meem tshuaj lom. Cov no yog cov chaw siv hluav taws xob, uas feem ntau yog tsom rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khib nyiab pov tseg. Tab sis nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag kuj muaj nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg ntawm radioactive lag luam.

radioactive gas
radioactive gas

Zoo kawg

Cov koom haum ib puag ncig, ua ke nrog cov tuam txhab lag luam, tab tom tsim cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb los tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tuav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, niaj hnub no cov kev khiav hauj lwm hom ntawm tag nrho-lub voj voog cov nroj tsuag muaj feem xyuam. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub tuam txhab pov tseg cov pov tseg pov tseg ntawm nws tus kheej cov chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwm sim uas tshwm sim tsis tu ncua nrog tib neeg. Lawv emit hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv tau thiab tsis ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau kev noj qab haus huv. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kab nruab nrab ntawm tus nqi thiab qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog ib txwm pom tseeb. Nyob rau tib lub tuam txhab kev lag luam, cov cuab yeej siv rau kev ntsuas cov hluav taws xob tom qab hluav taws xob tsis tu ncua yog siv los tiv thaiv kev ntsuas. Cov kev ntsuas no suav nrog hauv daim ntawv teev cov cai tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.

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