Ntau yam ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse qhia txog cov cuab yeej ntawm ib lub pob zeb zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb: "pob zeb diamond dej ntshiab", "nyuaj li pob zeb diamond", "pob zeb diamond brilliance", thiab lwm yam. Thiab ib qho ntawm cov khoom yog ntom. Pob zeb diamond, uas nws lub npe raws li ib tug version los ntawm ancient Greek "almas" - indestructible, yog ib tug muaj nuj nqis pob zeb, tab sis nws yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Cia peb xav seb qhov ceev npaum li cas nyob ntawm thiab lub luag haujlwm nws ua hauv "lub neej" ntawm pob zeb.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Muaj ntau zaj dab neeg thiab kev ntseeg cuam tshuam nrog lub pob zeb zoo kawg nkaus. Thiab ib tug ntawm lawv - pob zeb diamond coj hmoov zoo rau nws tus tswv. Tab sis tsuas yog cov yeej hauv lub neej tuaj yeem muaj nws. Thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb uas hnav nws suav nrog Napoleon Bonaparte, Julius Caesar, thiab Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV.
teb chaws EuropeKuv paub lub pob zeb diamond nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 5-6th BC. e., tab sis tsuas yog 550 xyoo dhau los nws tau txais nws qhov chaw zoo kawg. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog tom qab ntawd lawv tau kawm yuav ua li cas txiav nws kom raug thiaj li ua kom cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm pob zeb diamond. Thiab tag nrho vim nws cov khoom zoo kawg - lub zog loj, thaum lub pob zeb diamond ntom yog 3500 kg / m 3. Dab tsi lwm yam paub ntxhia tuaj yeem khav tau tib yam yam ntxwv?
Tab sis qhov tseeb tias ntau tus neeg xav tias pob zeb diamond yog cov ntxhia uas tsis tuaj yeem tawg tau ua rau poob ntawm pob zeb tsis tshua muaj thiab zoo nkauj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1476, thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog ntawm Duke Charles lub Bold (ib tug ntawm cov thawj tswv ntawm cov pob zeb diamond txiav zoo ib yam li ci ntsa iab txiav) thiab King Louis XI, tus huab tais cov mercenaries tau tswj kom tawg mus rau hauv lub tsev pheebsuab sawv ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lawv raug ntaus los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pob zeb diamond nyob rau ntawd. Lawv txiav txim siab los xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov pob zeb nrog rauj, thiab lawv muab ntau lub pob zeb kim thiab zoo nkauj ua hmoov av.
"Cov poj niam cov phooj ywg" pob zeb diamond tau dhau los ua hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, ua tsaug rau Agnes Sorel, nyiam Charles lub Xya Hli. Tam sim no koj paub lub npe ntawm tus uas ua rau ntau tus txiv neej "tsis kaj siab".
Lub cev muaj zog
Tus neeg tsis paub, tuav lub pob zeb diamond hauv nws txhais tes, tsis zoo li twv seb nws tau txais cov khoom muaj nqis dab tsi. Ib tug siv lead ua nyoos zoo li yooj yim heev thiab inconspicuous. Yog, thiab feem ntau cov ntxhia muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm fragments ntawm irregular puab. Zoo, pob tshab, zoo, nrog lub teeb siab refraction, uas txawv ntawm 2, 417 txog 2, 419. Dab tsi yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws?Tsuas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov duab octahedral (ob lub pyramids sib cuam tshuam los ntawm lub hauv paus) tuaj yeem nyiam cov neeg ua yeeb yam los ntawm kev ua si ntawm lub teeb ntawm lawv lub ntsej muag. Nws yog lub teeb siab refraction uas txiav txim siab qhov peb tom qab hu ua ci ntsa iab ci ntsa iab, tsis muaj birefringence. Nrog lub hnub raug lub hnub ntev, feem ntau pob zeb pib ci hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.
Pob zeb diamond tseem paub txog nws qhov nyuaj kawg - 10 tawm ntawm 10 ntawm Mohs nplai. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov ntxhia nyuaj tshaj plaws paub hauv ntiaj teb. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov ceev ntawm pob zeb diamond, koj tuaj yeem pom nws yooj yim hauv phau ntawv siv. Tab sis ua ntej peb saib, sim twv seb nws yuav tsum yog dab tsi? Raws li nws hardness - heev heev. Tab sis txawm nyob ntawm no lub pob zeb diamond qhia nws qhov tsis sib xws.
High hardness yog vim cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cubic siv lead ua lattice, qhov twg txhua lub ces kaum yog carbon atom. Ib qho atom ntxiv yog muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ntsej muag, thiab 4 atoms txhua qhov hauv lub voos xwmfab. Yog li, cov atoms uas nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ntsej muag yog feem ntau rau ob lub hlwb nyob sib ze, thiab cov nyob rau hauv lub vertices yog feem ntau rau yim. Txoj kev ntim cov atom no yog qhov ntom.
Cov siv lead ua sib cais nrog kev tsim cov sib luag du (lub npe hu ua zoo meej cleavage). Qhov tawg hauv qhov no txawv ntawm conchoidal mus rau splintery (tau kawg, tsis yog los ntawm cleavage).
Saib rau hauv phau ntawv siv: qhov nruab nrab ntom ntom ntawm pob zeb diamond yog 3500 kg/cu.m. Nws tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 3.47 mus rau 4.55 grams ib cubic centimeter. Tsis ntau rau xws li cov ntxhia nyuaj. Raws li Razivalsib tsoo hardness yog 140000, 0.
xim
Ib yam khoom ntawm lub cev uas kuv xav hais yog xim pob zeb. Thiab xim muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntom ntawm pob zeb diamond. Feem ntau yog cov xim tsis muaj xim los yog yellowish, nrog ib tug bluish los yog xim av tint. Cov xim muaj xim muaj xim tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej, tab sis cov xim sib txawv yog ntau haiv neeg: paj yeeb thiab liab, txiv kab ntxwv thiab ci daj, ntsuab thiab xiav, ntshav thiab cognac, cherry, grey thiab txawm dub. Lwm lub npe rau xim pob zeb diamond yog zoo nkauj. Txawm hais tias tus nqi kim tshaj plaws thiab nyob twj ywm pob tshab tsis muaj xim lossis nrog lub ntsej muag xiav, tab sis qhov kev thov rau pob zeb ntawm cov xim tsis tshua muaj kev loj hlob, uas txhais tau tias lawv cov nqi kuj nce ntxiv.
Dhau li ntawm, peb tau siv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias pob zeb diamond yog pob tshab, tab sis kuj muaj cov tsis pom tseeb. Xim thiab pob tshab ncaj qha nyob ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov muaju. Lwm qhov tsis tu ncua kuj tau pom: qhov tsaus dua, qhov qis dua pob zeb diamond ntom (g / cm 3).
tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, cov ntxhia yog 96.0-99.8% carbon, cov atoms uas sib cuam tshuam hauv lub cubic lattice. Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm yam tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv lead ua - oxygen, nitrogen, boron thiab silicon, aluminium thiab manganese, hlau thiab tooj liab, titanium thiab zinc, npib tsib xee, thiab lwm yam, suav nrog olivite thiab chromite, graphite thiab pyrope, enstatin thiab lwm yam. ua tau.
Ntau zaus koj tuaj yeem pom cov muaju nrog dej thiab carbonic acid, carbon dioxide thiab lwm yam khoom hauv gaseousmob. Feem ntau, impurities nyob ze rau ntawm lub periphery ntawm crystal.
Raws li rau cov khoom siv tshuaj, lub pob zeb diamond tiv taus cov kua qaub thiab alkalis, nws tsis ntub los ntawm dej, tab sis nws yog yooj yim them nrog cov roj hmab zaj duab xis, txawm tias ib txwm kov nrog koj txhais tes. Cov cuab yeej no yog siv los txiav txim siab lub pob zeb tiag. Cov ntxhia tseem nyob hauv tshuaj lom neeg kom txog thaum nws raug kub hnyiab.
Pob zeb kub kub ntawm 850 ° C, tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Thiab thaum cua sov tsis muaj cua nkag mus rau ntau tshaj 1000 ° C, nws hloov mus rau hauv kev hloov kho allotropic - graphite.
Dab tsi ntxiv txiav txim tus nqi?
Qhov ntau ntawm cov nqi rau pob zeb diamond yog dav heev, thiab tus nqi nyob ntawm ntau yam ntxwv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, tus nqi rau ib carat (0.2 g) yog ib txwm qhia:
Txiav: qhov muaj nuj nqis tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog 57 lub ntsej muag, lossis nws tseem hu ua Tolkovsky txiav. Rau cov pob zeb me me - 17 thiab 33. Qhov seem ntawm cov txiav yog suav tias yog zoo nkauj, thiab tus nqi qis dua. Tab sis tseem, peb sau lwm hom kev txiav: Baryon, Quadrillion, Ntxhais fuabtais, Marquis, Rose, Briolette, Pear, Oval, Lub Plawv, Usher, Emerald ", "Radiant", "Triliant"
- Transparency: yog tias lub pob tshab zoo meej hauv pob zeb diamond, tsis muaj qhov tawg, suav nrog micro-inclusions, ces tus nqiTam sim ntawd nce los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj, lossis ntau dua.
- Qhov loj ntawm pob zeb: peb tsis tau hais txog carats ntawm no, yog li lub pob zeb diamond hnyav ib carat hauv txoj kab uas hla tuaj yeem yog 6.5 hli, thiab yog tias lwm qhov ntsuas tau siab, ces tus nqi yuav yog 10-12 txhiab nyiaj. ib carat.
- xim. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm fashion tiam sis thiab whims ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tseem suav tias tsis muaj xim thiab nrog lub ntsej muag xiav.
Daim ntawv thov
Tom qab kawm txog cov khoom ntawm pob zeb diamond, peb tuaj yeem hais tias: pob zeb tsuas yog tshwj xeeb. Tab sis tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub nws yog tam sim no siv. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam siv ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb cia rau lawv tus kheej xav tau. Lawv tsuas yog siv pob zeb me me lossis tsis zoo.
Yam khoom muaj nuj nqis los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam:
- siab thermal conductivity;
- hardness;
- pob tshab (muaj peev xwm kis tau UV thiab IR rays);
- qauv ntawm cov siv lead ua (tej zaum yuav yog tus neeg xyuas pib, ib qho insulator). Nws tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hluav taws xob siab, hloov pauv kub tam sim.
Tshuaj tsis sawv ib sab, siv pob zeb diamond hauv kev phais. Scalpels yog tam sim no raug tsim, cov hniav uas yog pob zeb diamond. Lub sharpening ntawm xws li hniav ua rau cov txiav ultra-nyias. Hauv cov khoom siv laser, cov qhov txhab yog cauterized nrog kev pab los ntawm pob zeb diamond. Lub qhov rais pob zeb diamond tau raug teeb tsa hauv chav kuaj nrog cov tshuaj txaus ntshai.
Kev tsim kho thiab kho cov cuab yeej siv rau ob qho tib si hauv tsev thiab kev tshaj lij - saws, riam hlau, milling cutters thiab iav cutters, sib tsoo log thiab ntau ntxiv - yog coated nrog pob zeb diamond grit kom lawv cov kev pab cuam lub neej. Qhov tobyog nteg siv lub thiaj li hu ua tunneling tshuab. Nws cov riam yog npog nrog ib txheej ntawm pob zeb diamond grit.
Nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm
Cov yam ntxwv zoo li qhov ntom ntom ntawm pob zeb diamond pom txawm nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Lawv kawm nws hauv ib qho kev kawm xws li physics, hauv ntu "Fundamentals of Molecular Kinetic Theory" hauv qib 10. Thiab qhov teeb meem yog daws. Nws suab zoo li no tag nrho:
Muaj ib lub pob zeb diamond uas nws qhov ceev hauv kg/m3 yog 3500. Lub atoms ntawm cov teeb meem yuav ntim li cas ntawm 10 22? (Myakishev phau ntawv teeb meem). Nws hloov tawm tias cov khoom ntawm pob zeb diamond tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Thiab tsis tsuas yog hauv phau ntawv teeb meem no muaj cov teeb meem zoo sib xws. Nws tseem tuaj yeem sau cov xwm txheej zoo li no:
Pob zeb diamond qhov ntom yog 3500. Lub ntim ntau npaum li cas yuav 1022 ntawm nws cov molecules nyob?
Space News
Txog tsis ntev los no, txhua tus paub tseeb tias lub pob zeb loj tshaj plaws yog "Star of Africa". Nws qhov hnyav yog 3106 carats. Ntau npaum li cas, txhua leej txhua tus yuav xav, tab sis astronomers pom ib lub pob zeb diamond me me hauv lub hnub qub Serpens, qhov loj ntawm 1031 carats! Qhov no yog ib tug loj heev. Tau kawg, tsis muaj leej twg tuav nws hauv lawv txhais tes, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb paub tseeb tias tus neeg dawb huv no yog tag nrho ntawm superdense crystalline carbon. Ntawm no yog pob zeb diamond nrog txoj kab uas hla 55,000 km.
