Kev tshawb fawb yog ib yam haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm tib neeg, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom tau txais kev paub tshiab txog kev muaj tiag. Kev paub yog nws cov khoom tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog ib leeg xwb. Lwm cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev tshawb fawb suav nrog cov qauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tsim nyog, uas txuas mus rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no, thiab ntau yam khoom siv, txoj hauv kev, thiab kev teeb tsa uas siv sab nraud ntawm kev tshawb fawb (tsuas yog hauv kev tsim khoom). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ncaj ncees.
Science and truth
Txawm tias txoj kev taw qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog kom tau txais kev paub tseeb txog qhov tseeb, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob raug txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb. Lub ntsiab lus yog tias kev paub tseeb tsis yog kev tshawb fawb. Nws tuaj yeem tau txais ntau yam haujlwm: hauv engineering, kos duab, kev nom kev tswv, kev lag luam, kev ua neej nyob txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov xwm txheej no, tau txais nws tsis yogyog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov haujlwm no. Piv txwv li, hauv kev kos duab, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog cov txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj tshiab, hauv kev lag luam - kev ua haujlwm zoo, hauv engineering - inventions, technologies.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais qhia tias lub tswvyim ntawm "tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb" tsis tas yuav muaj qhov kev ntsuas tsis zoo. Kev tshawb fawb muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb, ib yam li lwm qhov chaw - lub neej txhua hnub, kev nom kev tswv, kev lag luam, kos duab. Lawv txhua tus muaj lawv lub hom phiaj, lawv lub hom phiaj. Lub luag hauj lwm uas kev tshawb fawb siv nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub neej yog loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb txog kev ncaj ncees yog qhov tsim nyog thiab tej zaum yuav tsis tas li thiab txhua qhov chaw.
History qhia tau hais tias qhov kev paub uas tau txais nrog nws txoj kev pab tsis yog ib txwm muaj tseeb. Lub tswv yim ntawm "scientific" feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas tsis lav qhov tseeb ntawm kev paub txog kev paub. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum peb tab tom soj ntsuam cov kev xav. Hauv kev tshawb fawb, ntau ntawm lawv tau tsis lees paub. Qee cov neeg xav (tshwj xeeb yog Karl Popper) sib cav tias yav tom ntej txoj hmoo no yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev xav.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb nrog cov tswv yim parascientific
Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb uas kev tshawb fawb muaj yog tias nws tsis paub txog cov ntsiab lus parascientific - ufology, parapsychology, astrology, thiab lwm yam. Lawv raug tsis lees paub los ntawm nws vim tias, raws li T. Huxley tau sau tseg, lees txais kev ntseeg txhua yam, nws "ua txhaum. tua tus kheej". Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim tsim siv cov ceg ntawm kev paub, tsis muaj qhov tseeb tsim, txhim khu kev qha. Tsuas yog coincidence thiaj ua tau.
Science li casprofession
Ib yam tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no yog tias nws yog txoj haujlwm. Txog rau tam sim no, nws yog cov haujlwm dawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Kev tshawb fawb tsis tau suav tias yog ib txoj haujlwm; nws tsis yog nyiaj tshwj xeeb hauv ib txoj kev. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau txhawb lawv txoj kev ua neej los ntawm kev qhia hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Lub koom haum ntawm scientific kev ua yog li no pluag heev. Tam sim no, qhov xwm txheej tau hloov mus rau qhov zoo dua. Niaj hnub no tus kws tshawb fawb yog ib txoj haujlwm cais. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, xws li ib tug "scientist" tshwm sim. Hauv ntiaj teb tam sim no muaj txog 5 lab tus tib neeg koom nrog kev tshawb fawb kev tshaj lij. Tau kawg, qhov no suav nrog kev txhim kho sai ntawm kev tshawb fawb, uas ua rau kev tshawb pom tshiab thiab ua tiav.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm kev xav hauv kev tshawb fawb
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev paub txuj ci yog yam ntxwv los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov lus qhia sib txawv. Hauv kev tawm tsam nyuaj, cov tswv yim tshiab thiab cov tswv yim tau lees paub. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, M. Planck tau sau tseg tias qhov tseeb tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb feem ntau yeej tsis yog vim lawv cov neeg tawm tsam ntseeg tias lawv tsis yog, tab sis vim tias cov neeg tawm tsam maj mam tuag, thiab cov tiam tshiab tam sim ntawd paub qhov tseeb. Kev tshawb fawb kev ua haujlwm yog kev tawm tsam tas li ntawm cov lus qhia thiab kev xav.
Criteria of scientific knowledge: systematization
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub txog txuj ci, kom nco txog nws cov yam ntxwv. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog systematization. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm tus cwj pwm scientific. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog hauv cheeb tsam no xwbqhov kev paub tau tuaj yeem ua tau zoo. Muaj ntau yam piv txwv: phau ntawv xov tooj, phau ntawv qhia zaub mov, kev mus ncig atlas, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb. Raws li ib tug system, xws li kev txawj ntse yog ib tug tej yam qauv, lub Cheebtsam uas yog cov duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, theories, txoj cai, qhov tseeb. Hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev qhuab qhia ntawm tus kheej muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab sib cuam tshuam.
pov thawj
Lwm yam tseem ceeb uas kev tshawb fawb muaj yog kev ntshaw rau cov pov thawj, kev paub siv tau. Nqa nws mus rau hauv qhov system yeej ib txwm ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nws zoo nkaus li qee zaum cuam tshuam nrog qhov kev ntshaw rau pov thawj. Ntau yam kev txheeb xyuas tau siv. Txhawm rau kom paub meej qhov tseeb ntawm kev paub txog kev paub, piv txwv li, lawv siv ntau qhov kev txheeb xyuas, siv rau cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais, thiab lwm yam. Yog tias tsim nyog los ua cov tswv yim theoretical tshwj xeeb, lawv tau xyuam xim rau qhov sib xws, muaj peev xwm los kwv yees thiab piav qhia qhov tshwm sim, thiab kev sib txuas lus. rau cov ntaub ntawv empirical.
thawj lub tswv yim hauv kev tshawb fawb
Hauv kev tshawb fawb, cov tswv yim qub muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ua ke kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab nrog kev nyiam tshem tawm los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tau txais txhua yam kev kawm, uas cuam tshuam nrog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nws tus kheej. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm nws qhov txawv ntawm kev kos duab. Txhawm rau kom tus kws kos duab tsim kom muaj, nws yuav tsum tau tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias qee tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tau tsim qhov kev xav, yav tom ntej nws yuavyuav tsim, raws li nws yog ib tug tsim nyog theem nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm scientific kev ua si, uas yuav hu ua intersubjective.
Means and method of scientific knowledge
Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb, cov cuab yeej xav tau siv uas tib neeg siv ntau yam dej num, suav nrog hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Cov tswv yim tsim nyog siv hauv kev tshawb fawb yog qhov zoo rau lwm qhov chaw. Cov no yog txiav tawm thiab induction, synthesis thiab tsom xam, generalization thiab abstraction, idealization, piav qhia, analogy, twv, piav qhia, kev pom zoo, hypothesis, refutation, thiab lwm yam.
Kev sim thiab kev soj ntsuam
Kev sim thiab kev soj ntsuam yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub txog kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb. Cia peb tham luv luv txog lawv qhov tshwj xeeb yog dab tsi. Kev soj ntsuam yog ib txoj hauv kev uas qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog hloov pauv hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb qhov tseeb los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev sim, qhov tshwm sim yuav tsum tau kawm yog muab tso rau hauv tej yam kev mob. F. Bacon tau sau tseg tias qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim nws tus kheej zoo tshaj plaws thaum "kev txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm" es tsis yog muaj nyob rau hauv "kev ywj pheej".
Kev paub txog kev paub thiab theoretical
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias yam tsis muaj kev teeb tsa theoretical, kev tshawb fawb pom tsis tau pib. Txawm hais tias nws paub tias qhov tseeb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tus kws tshawb fawb, txawm li cas los xij, kev nkag siab ntawm kev muaj tiag yam tsis muaj kev tsim kho theoretical tsis yooj yim sua. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, I. P. Pavlov tau sau tseg tias lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm qhov kev kawm yog tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rauqhov tseeb tuaj yeem pinned rau nws.
Kev tshawb xav tsis yog qhov yooj yim generalizations ntawm cov ntaub ntawv empirical. A. Einstein tau sau hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los mus rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev xav los ntawm txoj kev xav. Lawv tshwm sim hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm empiricism thiab theoretical xav, hauv chav kawm ntawm kev daws teeb meem theoretical, hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kab lis kev cai.
Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv chav kawm ntawm kev tsim lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb siv ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev nkag siab theoretical. Piv txwv li, txawm tias qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm Galileo Galilei tau cim los ntawm kev siv dav rau kev tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav thwmsim. Tus theorist uas siv lawv, raws li nws yog, plays tawm ntau yam kev xaiv rau tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom zoo tsim los ntawm nws. Kev sim lej yog ib hom kev sim siab niaj hnub no. Thaum siv cov khoos phis tawj, qhov ua tau tshwm sim ntawm qee yam xwm txheej raug suav.
Thov rau Txoj Cai
Piav txog kev tshawb fawb feem ntau, nws tseem ceeb heev kom nco ntsoov tias cov kws tshawb fawb hauv nws cov chav kawm feem ntau tig mus rau kev xav. Ob qho tib si Lavxias teb sab science thiab ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb feem ntau tso siab rau nws. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov theorists, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog kev paub kev coj noj coj ua los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm lub tswv yim, xav txog qhov tseeb hauv kev kawm hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev nyob rau theem tseem ceeb uas kev tshawb fawb ib ntus dhau mus hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob. Kev ua tiav zoo hauv nws yeej ib txwm cuam tshuam nrog kev xav dav dav. Kev thov rau lub tswv yim ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev piav qhia, kev piav qhia thiabkev nkag siab txog qhov tseeb uas kawm los ntawm science. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog li cuam tshuam nrog nws cov kev ua tiav.
kev xav style
Muaj ib yam li "kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb". Nws qhia txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw ntawm kev paub uas nyiam peb. M. Yug pom tias muaj qee yam kev xav uas hloov maj mam thiab tsim lub sijhawm philosophical nrog cov tswv yim muaj nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua, suav nrog kev tshawb fawb.
hom lus ntawm science
Hais txog qhov txhais tau tias siv rau hauv kev paub txog science, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv. Galileo tau hais tias phau ntawv xwm txheej tau sau ua lus lej. Kev loj hlob ntawm physics tau lees paub cov lus ntawm nws. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua lej hauv lwm yam kev tshawb fawb yog nquag heev. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, lej yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim theoretical.
Kev txhim kho txhais tau tias kev paub
Nyob rau hauv science, cov chav kawm ntawm kev paub feem ntau nyob ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txhais tau tias. Piv txwv li, kev tshawb fawb ntawm Galileo Galilei tau ua los ntawm kev siv lub tsom iav raj. Tom qab ntawd, telescopes tau tsim, nrog rau cov xov tooj cua telescopes, uas tau txiav txim siab loj hlob ntawm astronomy. Kev siv cov microscopes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tau cuam tshuam rau kev kawm hauv biology. Yog tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub zoo li synchrophasotrons, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom xav txog kev txhim kho ntawm theem pib particle physics. Niaj hnub nimno ntiaj teb no thiab Lavxias teb sab science yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug kiv puag ncig vim tshwm sim ntawmcomputer.
Interpenetration of means and method of sciences
Nco ntsoov tias txoj kev thiab txoj kev siv nyob rau hauv ntau sciences txawv. Qhov no yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kawm, nrog rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm science nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, muaj ib tug nruam interpenetration ntawm txhais tau tias thiab txoj kev. Cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua lej yog siv ntau thiab ntau dua. Nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg li, raws li Yu. Wiener tau sau tseg, ua rau qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub txog lwm tus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis zoo li qhov txhais tau tias thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb yuav ua tiav thoob ntiaj teb yav tom ntej.
Specific Philosophy
Hais txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ib tus yuav tsum nco ntsoov txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev paub txog kev xav. Philosophy tag nrho tsis yog science. Nyob rau hauv classical kev lig kev cai, nws raug kho raws li ib tug science ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb hom, tab sis niaj hnub thinkers feem ntau tsim tsim nyob rau hauv nws uas yog sharply demarcated los ntawm nws. Piv txwv li, qhov no siv rau neopositiveists, existentialists. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub tswv yim, muaj ib txwm muaj nyob thiab yuav mus txuas ntxiv muaj nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho uas muaj peev xwm muaj xws li scientific.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm
Qhov no yog hom kev kawm tseem ceeb - ib txheej ntawm cov haujlwm uas tau ua los txhawm rau txhawm rau paub cov thev naus laus zis, cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm ua haujlwm. Nws yog tsom mus nrhiav txoj hauv kev tshiab thiab cov qauv ntawm lub koom haum, kev npaj thiab kev coj ua ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm
Nov yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm uas nyob rau ntawm kev sib tshuamengineering thiab scientific. Nws belongs rau lub teb ntawm technical scientific disciplines. Nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tau siv. Lub tswv yim no hauv kev nkag siab dav dua suav nrog kev siv, engineering thiab kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb.
