Cov Apaches yog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm haiv neeg Asmeskas haiv neeg nyob rau sab hnub poob Tebchaws Meskas uas suav nrog Chiricahua, Jacarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Salinero, Plains, thiab Western Apache. Apaches muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog Navajo, uas lawv qhia cov lus yav qab teb Athabaskan.
Muaj Apache cov zej zog hauv Oklahoma, Texas thiab kev tshwj tseg hauv Arizona thiab New Mexico. Cov neeg Apache tau tsiv mus thoob plaws Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm qhov, suav nrog cov chaw hauv nroog. Cov neeg Apache yog nom tswv tswj hwm, hais ob peb hom lus thiab muaj kab lis kev cai sib txawv. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab ntawm Apaches hauv kab lus no.
Habitats
Keeb kwm, Apache homeland muaj roob siab, vaj tse thiab dej nyab hav, tob canyons, suab puam, thiab sab qab teb Great Plains, suav nrog thaj chaw tam sim no nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Arizona, sab qaum teb Mexico (Sonora thiab New Mexico, West Texas thiab Southern Colorado). Cov cheeb tsam no tau sau npe hu ua Apacheria. Cov pab pawg Apache tau tawm tsam cov neeg Mev thiab Mev uas ua phem rau ntau pua xyoo. Thawj Apache raids ntawm Sonora zoo li tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th lig. Cov tub rog Asmeskas pom cov Apaches ua tub rog hnyav thiab cov kws tshaj lij.
Npe keeb kwm
Cov neeg niaj hnub no hu ua Apaches yog cov neeg uas thawj zaug ntsib tus conquistadors ntawm Spanish crown. Thiab yog li lo lus "Apache" muaj nws cov hauv paus hauv lus Mev.
Cov neeg Mev thawj zaug siv lo lus "Apachu de Nabajo" (Navajo) hauv xyoo 1620, hais txog cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av Chama sab hnub tuaj ntawm tus dej San Juan. Los ntawm 1640s lawv tau siv lo lus rau South Athabaskan haiv neeg los ntawm Cham sab hnub tuaj mus rau San Juan nyob rau sab hnub poob. Qhov kawg keeb kwm tsis paub thiab ploj mus rau keeb kwm Spanish.
Languages
Apache thiab Navajo pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv North American Southwest hais lus hais txog ntawm tsev neeg Athabaskan lus. Lwm tus neeg hais lus hauv North America tseem nyob hauv Alaska, sab hnub poob Canada, thiab Pacific Northwest. Anthropological pov thawj qhia tias Apache thiab Navajo cov neeg nyob hauv tib cheeb tsam sab qaum teb ua ntej tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm 1200 thiab 1500 BC. AD
Lub Apache nomadic txoj kev ua neej ua rau muaj tseeb kev sib tham nyuaj, feem ntau vim tias lawv tsim lub tsev tsawg dua li lwm pab pawg sab hnub poob. Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, qhov kev vam meej tseem ceeb tau ua nyob rau hauv kev sib tham thiab sib txawv ntawm lawv lub tsev thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv kab lis kev cai. Lawv tau tso tseg cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab kev nplua nuj ntau dua li lwm cov kab lis kev cai sab hnub poob.
Athabaskan lus
Athabascan hais luscov pab pawg yuav tau tsiv mus rau thaj chaw uas tau nyob ib txhij los yog nyuam qhuav tso tseg los ntawm lwm haiv neeg.
Lwm tus neeg hais lus Athabaskan, tejzaum nws suav nrog cov neeg hais lus yav qab teb, tau hloov kho ntau yam ntawm lawv cov neeg zej zog cov thev naus laus zis thiab kev coj ua rau lawv cov kab lis kev cai. Yog li ntawd, cov chaw uas yav qab teb Athabaskans tau nyob yog qhov nyuaj nrhiav.
Thiab tseem nyuaj dua los txheeb xyuas raws li kab lis kev cai yav qab teb Athabaskan. Cov kev nce qib tsis ntev los no tau ua rau hais txog qhov deb yav qab teb ntawm Asmeskas Southwest.
Apache Keeb Kwm
Muaj ntau qhov kev xav hais txog Apache tsiv teb tsaws. Ib txhia hais tias lawv tsiv mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Great Plains. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-16th caug xyoo, cov xov tooj txawb no tau nyob hauv tsev pheeb suab, yos hav zoov thiab lwm yam tsiaj qus, thiab siv dev los rub cov tsheb thauj khoom nrog lawv cov khoom. Ntau tus neeg tseem ceeb thiab ntau yam tau sau tseg los ntawm cov neeg Mev nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Apaches yog cov neeg dawb huv thaum ub uas tau yug dev ntev dhau los.
Cov Neeg Mev tau piav qhia cov dev Plains ua dawb heev nrog cov pob dub thiab "tsis loj dua li dej spaniels". Plains dev me me dua li cov uas siv los thauj khoom los ntawm niaj hnub Inuit thiab cov haiv neeg sab qaum teb hauv tebchaws Canada. Cov kev sim tsis ntev los no qhia tau tias cov dev no tuaj yeem rub cov khoom hnyav txog li 50 phaus (20 kg) ntawm kev taug kev ntev ntawm qhov nrawm txog li ob lossis peb mais hauv ib teev (3 txog 5 km / h). Lub Plains Migration Theory txuas cov neeg Apache nrog kab lis kev cai ntawm tus dej Grim -Cov kab lis kev cai archaeological paub feem ntau los ntawm cov lauj kaub tais diav thiab tsev nyob rau hnub tim 1675-1725 uas tau khawb hauv Nebraska, sab hnub tuaj Colorado, thiab sab hnub poob Kansas.
16th century
Nyob rau xyoo 1540, Coronado tau tshaj tawm tias niaj hnub no Western Apache thaj chaw tsis muaj neeg nyob, txawm hais tias qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav tias nws tsuas tsis pom cov Neeg Qhab Asmeskas. Lwm cov neeg tshawb nrhiav Spanish thawj zaug hais txog "querejos" nyob sab hnub poob ntawm Rio Grande hauv 1580s. Rau qee tus kws sau keeb kwm, qhov no txhais tau hais tias Apaches tau tsiv mus rau lawv thaj av sab hnub poob tam sim no nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 16th thiab thaum ntxov 17th centuries.
Lwm cov keeb kwm sau tseg tias Coronado tau tshaj tawm tias Pueblo cov poj niam thiab menyuam yaus feem ntau tau khiav tawm thaum nws pab pawg tau tawm tsam lawv lub tsev, thiab nws pom tias qee lub tsev nyob tsis ntev los no tau tso tseg thaum nws tsiv mus rau Rio Grande. Qhov no yuav qhia tau hais tias ib nrab-nomadic yav qab teb Athabaskan ceeb toom ua ntej ntawm lawv txoj kev ua siab phem thiab tawm mus deb ntawm kev ntsib Spanish. Archaeologists pom muaj pov thawj txaus ntawm qhov tshwm sim thaum ntxov ntawm Proto-Apache nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob roob hauv xyoo pua 15th thiab tej zaum ua ntej. Lub xub ntiag ntawm Apaches nyob rau hauv cov tiaj tiaj thiab roob roob sab hnub poob qhia tias cov neeg tau ua raws ntau txoj kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thaum ntxov. Apaches yog ib tug neeg zoo kawg nkaus yoog kom ciaj sia.
Kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg Mev
Feem ntau, cov neeg Spanish tuaj tshiab uas tau nyob hauv cov zos thiab Apache pawg tau tsim cov qauv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntau pua xyoo. Ob leeg raided thiab pauvua ke. Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau lub sijhawm zoo li qhia tau hais tias kev sib raug zoo nyob ntawm qee lub zos thiab qee pawg uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg. Piv txwv li, ib pab pawg yuav ua phooj ywg rau ib lub zos thiab mus tua lwm tus. Thaum tsov rog tuaj, cov neeg Mev yuav xa cov tub rog; Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua, ob tog yuav "kos npe cog lus", thiab ob tog yuav mus tsev.
Kev koom ua rog
Thaum Tebchaws Meskas mus ua rog tawm tsam Mexico xyoo 1846, ntau pab pawg Apache tau cog lus tias cov tub rog Asmeskas muaj kev nyab xeeb hla lawv thaj av. Thaum Asmeskas tau hla cov tebchaws qub ntawm Mexico hauv xyoo 1846, Mangas Coloradas tau kos npe rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb nrog lub tebchaws, hais txog lawv ua tus kov yeej ntawm Mexican av. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg Khab thiab cov pej xeem tshiab hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau tuav txog xyoo 1850. Kev nkag mus ntawm cov miners kub mus rau hauv roob Santa Rita ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog Apaches. Lub sijhawm no qee zaum hu ua Apache Wars.
Reservations
Lub tswv yim kev tshwj xeeb hauv Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau siv yav dhau los los ntawm Mev, Mev, lossis lwm tus neeg nyob ze Apache. Kev tshwj tseg feem ntau raug tswj tsis raug, thiab cov pab pawg uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam raug yuam kom nyob ua ke. Tsis muaj laj kab thaiv cov neeg nyob hauv lossis tawm. Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau cov pab pawg tau txais kev tso cai tawm mus rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Lwm qhov xwm txheej, pab pawg tau tawm mus yam tsis tau tso cai, nkag mus, rov qab mus rau lawv lub tebchaws mus rau zaub mov lossis tsuas yog tawm mus. Cov tub rog feem ntau muaj forts nyob ze. Lawv txoj hauj lwm yog ua kom muaj ntau pab pawgkev tshwj tseg, nrhiav thiab rov qab cov neeg uas tawm mus. Reservation nom tswv hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau tsim kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab ua tsov rog nrog ntau pab pawg Apache uas tau tso tseg rau lwm lub quarter ntawm ib puas xyoo.
Ntawm teb
Xyoo 1875, Asmeskas tub rog tau yuam kom tshem tawm kwv yees li 1,500 Yavapai thiab Dilje'e Apaches (zoo dua hu ua Tono Apaches) los ntawm Rio Verde Indian Reserve thiab ntau txhiab daim av cog lus cog lus rau lawv los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. tsoom fwv. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Indian commissioner L. E. Dudley, Tub Rog Asmeskas tau yuam cov neeg, hluas thiab laus, hla dej nyab lub caij ntuj no, hla roob thiab txoj kev nqaim hav txwv yeem.
Lawv yuav tsum tau mus rau lub koom haum Indian hauv San Carlos, 180 mais (290 km) deb. Kev sib tw ua rau ntau pua tus neeg tuag. Cov neeg tau ua haujlwm nyob rau ntawd tau 25 xyoo thaum cov neeg dawb nyob hauv lawv lub tebchaws. Tsuas yog ob peb puas rov qab los rau lawv thaj av. Ntawm San Carlos Reservation, Buffalo cov tub rog ntawm 9th Cavalry-hloov 8th Cavalry hauv Texas-tiv thaiv Apache los ntawm 1875-1881.
Freedom War
Pib pib xyoo 1879, kev tawm tsam Khab tawm tsam cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb tau ua rau "Victorio War" ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj npe Victorio pawg thiab 9th Cavalry. Victorio poob rau hauv keeb kwm yuav luag sib npaug nrog tus thawj coj ntawm Apache Winnet.
Feem ntau Tebchaws Meskas cov keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm no qhia tias qhov kawg swb ntawm pab pawg Apachetshwm sim thaum 5,000 Asmeskas cov tub rog yuam Geronimo pawg ntawm 30-50 txiv neej, poj niam thiab menyuam yaus tso rau lub Cuaj Hlis 4, 1886 hauv Skeleton Canyon, Arizona.
25 Cov tub rog tau xa cov pab pawg no thiab Chiricahua cov kws tshawb nrhiav uas tau taug qab lawv mus rau Florida tub rog qhov chaw kaw ntawm Fort Pickens thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
Ntau phau ntawv tau sau txog keeb kwm ntawm kev yos hav zoov thiab cuab ntxiab thaum xyoo pua 19th. Ntau ntawm cov dab neeg no koom nrog Apache raids thiab tsis ua tiav kev pom zoo nrog Asmeskas thiab Mev. Hauv lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, tsoomfwv Meskas tau npaj kom tshem tawm Apache cov menyuam yaus ntawm lawv tsev neeg rau kev coj los ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas dawb hauv cov kev pabcuam assimilation.
