Kasimov Tatars txawv ntawm lwm pab pawg ntawm Tatars los ntawm lawv txoj hmoo keeb kwm nthuav dav thiab cov kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb uas tau tsim los ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Kev pabcuam ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm khanate tau koom nrog txoj cai txawv tebchaws thiab hauv tebchaws Russia. Cov haiv neeg no muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no, thiab cov neeg sawv cev zoo siab rau lawv txoj kev nplua nuj yav dhau los.
Keeb Kwm
Kasimov Tatars yog pawg sab hnub poob ntawm Tatars nyob hauv Russia. Lawv qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb yog tias lawv muaj nyob ntawm qhov deb deb ntawm Kazan thiab Siberian khanates, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xeev Muscovite - nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ryazan cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv haiv neeg ib puag ncig ntawm Russians. Qhov no tau tso ib qho tshwj xeeb imprint ob qho tib si ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab cov tsos ntawm Kasimov Tatars.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm haiv neeg me no rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 15th. Ntawm cov historians, muaj 2 lub ntsiab hypotheses txog nws keeb kwm. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, Kasimov Tatars raug cais raws li Mishars, uas yog, lawv muaj Finno-Ugric cag.
poLwm txoj kev xav, lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv yog cov neeg tuaj txawv teb chaws los ntawm Asia, uas nquag nyob hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIII. Ib txhia ntawm cov pab pawg neeg, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Tsarevich Kasim, nyob rau hauv lub Oka nyob rau hauv Gorodets Meshchersky (tam sim no lub nroog ntawm Kasimov). Kuj tseem muaj ob qhov kev xav hais txog kev cai lij choj ntawm nws thaj av no: tus thawj coj los ntawm Genghides xeem tuaj yeem tau txais nws los ntawm Vasily Dark rau kev nom kev tswv, rau kev tawm tsam ntxiv nrog Kazan Khanate. Kuj tseem muaj cov lus dab neeg raws li Kasim ntes tus huab tais ntawm Moscow thiab cov khoom no tau muab rau nws ua tus nqe txhiv rau kev ywj pheej ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsar.
Keeb Kwm Ntawm Kasimov Tatars
Nyob rau xyoo pua 15th, ib txhij nrog kev tsim ntawm Khanate, lub zog ntawm Golden Horde thiab cov xeev tsim los ntawm nws lub cev qhuav dej ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia pib qaug zog. Yog li ntawd, tsars ntawm Kasimov los ua cov cuab yeej mloog lus nyob rau hauv ob txhais tes ntawm Moscow princes. Cov thawj coj ntawm Tatar, ua ke nrog lawv cov tub rog, tau tsim lub cordon tawm tsam sab hnub tuaj thiab koom nrog kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Kazan, Lithuania, Sweden thiab Livonia, thiab Kasimov Khan Shah Ali tau raug tsa los ua tus kav Kazan Khanate peb zaug.
Lub xeev no yog kev ywj pheej muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev - ntau tshaj 200 xyoo. Tom qab kev koom ua ke ntawm Kazan Khanate, cov pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm Kazanians tau tsiv mus rau Kasimov, thiab tom qab ntawd cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Crimea thiab Kirghiz-Kaisak hordes.
Kev ua neej
Raws li tus neeg sib tw ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb Marat Safarov, lub neej niaj hnub ntawm Kasimov Tatars tau nyob hauv nroog, sib piv rau cov neeg nyob hauv Kazan Khanate. Cov pej xeem hauv zos tau them se rau cov thawj cojkingdoms (zib mu, pluab, ntses quitrent thiab lwm yam).
Vim yog kaw kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg Lavxias hauv Kasimov, ib hom lus tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus Tatar tau tsim, uas muaj ntau qhov qiv nyiaj. Yuav luag txhua Kasimov Tatars kuj tau hais lus Lavxias.
Kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg no yog Islam. Ntau lub mausoleums tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, uas lawv cov thawj coj raug faus. Raws li tsab cai lij choj ntawm 1713 thiab 1715, Muslims raug yuam kom hloov mus rau Orthodoxy. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam tau mus rau hauv cov tswv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Tsar lossis cov txheeb ze ua kev cai raus dej. Yog li ntawd, ib feem ntawm cov Tatars hloov dua siab tshiab rau Christianity.
Kasimov Tatars tau tsim cov txheej txheem tawv thiab ntaub plaub, hlau thiab pob zeb. Qee yam ntawm cov khaub ncaws huab tais ua los ntawm lawv tam sim no khaws cia hauv Armory. Cov xwm txheej zoo nkauj kuj tau pab txhawb rau kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov noog, beekeeping, thiab nuv ntses. Rye, nplej, oats, buckwheat, millet thiab barley tau cog los ntawm cov qoob loo, qos yaj ywm thiab lwm yam zaub tau cog rau hauv cov zaub.
Vim qhov chaw yooj yim ntawm thaj chaw ntawm khanate, kev lag luam tau nquag txhim kho hauv Kasimov. Nws cov khoom yog qhob cij, zib ntab, tsiaj nyeg, pluab thiab tawv khoom. Ib feem me me ntawm cov pejxeem tau koom nrog kev ua khau. Kuj tseem muaj 6 lub tsev cib nyob rau hauv lub zos, thiab cov nyiaj hniav kub ua nyob rau hauv lub zos Bolotsy.
Nees tau muaj nuj nqis heev ntawm cov Tatars.80% ntawm cov neeg nyob deb nroog kuj muaj nyuj, vim cov khoom siv mis nyuj ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv tsev neeg noj zaub mov. Yaj thiab tshis tau khaws cia hauv yuav luag txhua lub vaj.
Muaj ntau lub chaw tsim khoom hauv nroog koom nrog kev hnav khaub ncaws menyuam yaj, thiab cov tub lag luam Tatar muag furs tau vam meej. Kev lag luam tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Kasimov, tab sis kuj sab nraum Russia - nrog rau cov teb chaws ntawm Central Asia thiab Kazakhstan. Cov tub lag luam Tatar tau txais ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm Makaryevskaya, Orenburg thiab lwm yam kev ncaj ncees. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th Nyob rau hauv Kasimov, ob peb tsev neeg ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua lag luam sawv tawm (Baranaev, Musyaev thiab lwm tus), uas nws cov nyiaj ntsuab turnover mus txog 1 lab rubles. ib xyoo.
Housing
Cov neeg Tatar hauv Kasimov tau tsom mus rau hauv Tatar kev sib hais haum, tsim los ntawm Qub thiab Tshiab Posad. Nyob rau hauv thawj zaug muaj ib tug loj Khanskaya Square, paved nrog dawb pob zeb. Nyob ze ntawm lub square sawv ntawm Khan lub palace thiab cov tsev ntawm nws entourage.
Tom qab lub tsev ntawm tus kav yog lub tsev teev ntuj nrog lub minaret, uas, raws li cov lus dab neeg, tau hais kom tsim kho Khan Qasim. Tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem pom lub tsev qub qub no, ntau dua reminiscent ntawm lub fortress pej thuam. Tom ntej no mus rau lub minaret yog lub mausoleum ntawm King Shah Ali, saum lub qhov nkag uas muaj ib lub pob zeb slab nrog Arabic tsab ntawv.
Raws li kev kawm, tsev nyob hauv XIX caug xyoo. yuav luag tag nrho ua los ntawm ntoo. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab, qee qhov ntawm lawv tau tsim ua ob-zaj dab neeg, hauv cov style ntawm Lavxias teb sab neoclassicism.
Cov chaw nyob deb nroog tau nyob raws tus dej los yog hauv hav. Feem ntauib hom kev npaj ib cheeb tsam yog ob txoj kev (nws tau tsim los ntawm ob kab tsev sib ntsib). Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm ntawm lub khanate, lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm lub qub txeeg qub tes, uas kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub Kazan Tatars thiab corresponded rau cov kev cai ntawm Islam. Cov tsev pheeb suab tau ua nrog rau hauv av loj rau khaws zaub thiab cov nyuj caij ntuj no, uas tau tsav los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub vaj.
Tsev neeg tib yam nyob ze ib leeg. Yog li, tsev neeg Shirinsky muaj 19 tsev neeg.
Khawm
Kev xaiv ntau ntawm cov ntaub rau kev txiav yog txuam nrog kev lag luam nquag ntawm Kasimov Tatars. Daim duab hauv qab no yuav pab kom tau ib lub tswv yim ntawm lawv zoo li cas. Txij li thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XIX. Cov neeg nyob hauv siv dav siv cov khoom lag luam ua textiles.
Cov ris tsho hauv qab yog tsim los ntawm chintz thiab satin, thiab cov ris tsho sab nrauv yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub plaub. Cov nplua nuj Kasimovites muaj cov khaub ncaws ua los ntawm cov ntaub lo lo ntxhuav, brocade thiab velvet. Central Asian fabrics tau siv los hnav khaub ncaws hnav. Lub caij ntuj no khaub ncaws sewn los ntawm sheepskin, hma, hma, hare fur.
Cov poj niam cov khaub ncaws tau ua los ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj: daj, ntsuab, burgundy thiab liab. Cov laus Tatar cov poj niam feem ntau hnav khaub ncaws ua los ntawm cov ntaub dawb. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. ntawm cov neeg hauv nroog tau muaj kev nyiam los txo qhov ci ntawm cov khaub ncaws. Ntawm cov headdresses, embroidered tastars, velvet kaus mom thiab phuam qhwv caj dab tau siv. Cov poj niam hluas hnav aprons tshaj lawv cov khaub ncaws.
kev lis kev cai
Hnub hnub uas tseb, nws yog kev cai rau cov Tatars muab ib lub cim ntawm fertility rau ntawm lub rooj - ib lub tais dej thiab ob lub qe. Hauv qee tsev neeg, ib tug qaib raug tua. Ua ntej pibsowing ua hauj lwm, tus tswv zaum ntawm ib tug me me unplowed daim av thiab nyeem ib tug thov Vajtswv. Yog tias muaj nag los, cov neeg hauv zos tua ib tug yaj lossis nyuj thiab noj nws, ces muab dej rau ib leeg thiab thov Vajtswv ua ke ntawm qhov chaw uas lawv khaws cov pob ntseg tsis txhuam.
Kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg, raws li kev ntseeg thaum ub, nyob ntawm brownie (zengi babai). Txhawm rau kom nws txaus siab, muaj ntau lub ncuav qab zib tau muab tso rau hauv qab kab ru tsev hauv lub tsev, thiab ib tug ram tus pob txha lossis tus nees pob txha taub hau tau dai li amulets.
Kev tshoob ntawm Kasimov Tatars, nrog rau cov Kazan, tau ua los ntawm kev sib tw. Tus nraug vauv yuav tsum them tus nkauj nyab cov niam txiv ib qho khoom plig nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho nyiaj, khoom noj (cov hmoov nplej, butter, zib ntab, cereals), txiav ntaub rau lub tshoob tiab, khau, hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Los ntawm ib sab ntawm tus ntxhais, lawv kuj muab khoom plig - ib tug caftan, lub kaus mom, ib tug embroidered phuam, lub tsho. Raws li ib tug dowry, cov newlyweds tau txais ntaub pua txaj, hauv ncoo, ntaub pua plag. Hnub ua ntej ntawm kev ua koob tsheej, lawv tau teem caij bachelorette tog thiab steamed hauv da dej. Kev sib yuav tau xaus raws li Muslim canons (nikah, zoo ib yam li kab tshoob). Tom qab ntawd, kev ua koob tsheej txuas ntxiv mus ob peb hnub ntxiv, cov txij nkawm hluas tau tuaj xyuas lawv cov txheeb ze thiab phooj ywg.
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XVI. Kev nkag mus ntawm cov pej xeem Turkic-hais lus poob qis, thiab cov thawj coj ntawm lub nceeg vaj pib txwv tsis pub muaj hwj chim. Qhov kawg ntawm lawv yog Fatima-Sultan, tus poj niam ntawm Khan Arslan. Muaj ib lo lus dab neeg hais tias nws tau raug nws cov neeg txiav txim kaw thaum xyoo 1681 vim nws xav hloov siab los ntseeg. Tom qab nws tuag, lub khanate ntawm Kasimov Tatars yogtshem tawm. Muaj 14 tus vajntxwv kav lub zwm txwv ntawm Mr Kasimov, txhua tus yog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Genghis Khan.
Tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm lub nceeg vaj, cov xwm txheej zoo raws li cov tub lag luam Tatar tsim tau raug tshem tawm. Yog li ntawd, kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm Kasimovites mus rau Urals thiab lwm thaj chaw hauv lub tebchaws tau nce ntxiv.
Tom qab kev tawm tsam thaum lub sijhawm Stalin, ntau tsev neeg tau tawm hauv nroog Kasimov thiab tsiv mus rau Moscow thiab St. Tam sim no, muaj txog 1,000 tus neeg nyob hauv lawv lub tebchaws uas txheeb xyuas lawv tus kheej nrog pab pawg ntawm Tatars.
