Nyob rau xyoo 1897, tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Askiv Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) tau tshawb pom lub tshuab hluav taws xob tom qab kev sim ntau yam tsom rau kev kawm txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm hluav taws xob tawm hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo tau txhais lub beam deflections ntawm hluav taws xob daim hlau thiab hlau nplaum ua pov thawj tias electrons tsawg dua atoms.
Tus kws kho mob zoo thiab kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum dhau los ua tus kws tshaj lij
Thomson Yauxej John, tus kws tshawb fawb zoo, kws kho lub cev thiab tus cob qhia, tau los ua ib tus kws tshaj lij, raws li nws txiv xav, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd tsev neeg tsis muaj peev xwm them nyiaj rau kev kawm. Hloov chaw, tus tub ntxhais hluas Thomson tau mus kawm qib siab hauv Macester thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Cambridge. Nyob rau hauv 1884 nws tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Physics ntawm Cambridge, txawm hais tias nws tus kheej tau ua haujlwm tsawg heev. Nws nrhiav tau nws lub peev xwm los tsim kho vajtse thiab kuaj xyuas cov teeb meem cuam tshuam. Thomson Yauxej John yog ib tug xibhwb zoo, txhawb nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab muabua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov teeb meem dav ntawm kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev qhia hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm theem siab.
Nobel Laureate
Thomson tau txais ntau yam khoom plig, suav nrog Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics hauv xyoo 1906. Nws kuj zoo siab heev uas pom qee tus ntawm nws cov koom tes tau txais lawv cov khoom plig Nobel, suav nrog Rutherford hauv chemistry hauv xyoo 1908. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xws li William Prout thiab Norman Lockyer tau tawm tswv yim tias cov atoms tsis yog qhov me tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb thiab lawv tau tsim los ntawm ntau qhov tseem ceeb.
Discovery of the electron (luv luv)
Nyob rau xyoo 1897, Thompson tau hais tias ib qho ntawm cov chav hauv paus yog 1,000 npaug me dua ib lub atom, qhov no subatomic particle hu ua electron. Tus kws tshawb fawb pom qhov no los ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb txog cov khoom ntawm cathode rays. Nws kwv yees qhov loj ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob cathode los ntawm kev ntsuas cov cua sov tsim thaum lub thermal hloov hluav taws xob tsoo thiab muab piv rau qhov sib nqus deflection ntawm cov nqaj. Nws cov kev sim qhia tsis tau tsuas yog hais tias cathode rays yog 1000 lub sij hawm sib zog tshaj ib tug hydrogen atom, tab sis kuj hais tias lawv loj yog tib yam tsis hais hom atom. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias cov rays yog tsim los ntawm lub teeb heev, cov khoom tsis zoo, uas yog cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb rau cov atoms. Nws hu cov khoom no "corpuscles", tab sis tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb nyiam lub npe "electrons", uas tau hais los ntawm George Johnston Stoney hauv xyoo 1891.
Thompson qhov kev sim
Piv qhov deflection ntawm cathode beams nrog hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus teb, tus kws kho mob tau txais kev ntsuas kev ntseeg tau ntau dua ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab qhov loj. Thomson qhov kev sim tau ua nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cathode ray raj. Nyob rau hauv 1904, nws xav hais tias tus qauv ntawm lub atom yog ib tug kheej kheej ntawm zoo teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas txoj hauj lwm ntawm hais yog txiav txim los ntawm electrostatic rog. Txhawm rau piav qhia qhov feem ntau nruab nrab ntawm cov atom, Thompson tau hais tias cov corpuscles raug faib rau hauv ib qho chaw zoo ntawm cov nqi zoo. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov hluav taws xob ua rau nws ntseeg tau tias lub atom tuaj yeem muab faib ua qhov me me, thiab yog thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev tsim cov qauv ntxaws ntawm lub atom.
Discovery keeb kwm
YJoseph John Thomson yog dav paub tias yog tus nrhiav tau ntawm electron. Rau feem ntau ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, tus kws tshaj lij tau ua haujlwm ntau yam ntawm kev xa hluav taws xob los ntawm cov pa roj. Xyoo 1897 (xyoo ntawm kev tshawb pom cov hluav taws xob), nws tau sim ua pov thawj tias lub npe hu ua cathode rays yog qhov ua tsis zoo rau cov khoom hauv kev txav.
Ntau cov lus nug txaus siab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov txheej txheem qhib. Nws yog tseeb tias tus cwj pwm ntawm cathode rays predates Thomson, thiab ntau tus kws tshawb fawb twb tau koom tes tseem ceeb. Tom qab ntawd peb puas tuaj yeem hais meej tias nws yog Thomson uas yog thawj zaug nrhiav tau lub tshuab hluav taws xob? Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis tau tsim lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum los yog lub xub ntiag ntawm cathode rays. Kev tshawb pom ntawm cov hluav taws xob yog cov txheej txheem ua kom huv si. Cov pioneer uas muaj credited pab txhawb qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plawskev koom tes, summarizing thiab systematizing tag nrho cov kev txawj sau ua ntej nws.
Thomson cathode ray tubes
Qhov kev tshawb pom zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob tau tsim nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab nyob rau qee qhov xwm txheej. Thomson tau ua ntau yam kev sim siv lub raj cathode rays, uas suav nrog ob daim hlau, kab teeb yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm lawv. Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntev ntev txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob cathode, uas tshwm sim thaum hluav taws xob tam sim no dhau los ntawm lub nkoj uas feem ntau ntawm cov huab cua tau raug tshem tawm, tau raug ncua.
Lub nkoj no yog lub raj hluav taws xob cathode. Siv txoj hauv kev zoo dua lub tshuab nqus tsev, Thomson muaj peev xwm ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov kab teeb no tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom, tsis hais hom roj thiab hom hlau uas siv los ua tus neeg xyuas pib. Thomson tuaj yeem raug hu ua tus txiv neej uas cais lub atom.
Kev tshawb fawb tsis raug? Qhov no tsis yog hais txog Thomson
Tus kws kho mob zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm tsis yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb, raws li feem ntau xav txog cov kws tshawb fawb ci ntsa iab. Nws yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Cavendish Laboratory ua tau zoo heev. Nws nyob ntawd uas tus kws tshawb fawb tau ntsib Rose Elizabeth Paget, uas nws tau sib yuav xyoo 1890.
Thomson tsis tsuas yog tswj hwm ntau txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb xwb, nws kuj tau pab nyiaj rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm chav kuaj nrog kev txhawb nqa me me los ntawm tsev kawm qib siab thiab tsev kawm qib siab. Nws txawj ntsexib fwb. Cov neeg uas nws tau sau los ntawm nws los ntawm 1895 txog 1914 tuaj ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yeej xya Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv nws.
Nws yog thaum ua haujlwm nrog Thomson ntawm Cavendish Laboratory hauv 1910 uas Ernest Rutherford tau tshawb fawb uas ua rau kev nkag siab niaj hnub ntawm cov qauv sab hauv ntawm lub atom.
Thomson coj nws txoj kev qhia tiag tiag: nws tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv cov qib theem pib thaum sawv ntxov thiab qhia science rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav thaum tav su. Tus kws tshawb fawb suav tias cov lus qhuab qhia muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus kws tshawb fawb, vim nws yuav tsum tau hloov kho cov tswv yim yooj yim ib ntus thiab tib lub sijhawm tawm hauv chav rau qhov muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau qee yam tshiab uas tsis muaj leej twg tau mloog ua ntej. Cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm electron kom meej meej qhov no. Thompson tau mob siab rau feem ntau ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb rau kev kawm txog kev nkag mus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm cov pa roj tsawg thiab qhov chaw nqus. Nws tau koom nrog txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cathode thiab X-rays thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm txog atomic physics. Tsis tas li ntawd, Thomson kuj tau tsim ib txoj kev xav ntawm electron motion nyob rau hauv magnetic teb thiab hluav taws xob teb.
