Cov khoom uas tsim cov atoms tuaj yeem xav txog ntau txoj hauv kev - piv txwv li, hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov av puag ncig. Lawv me me heev uas txhua cov hmoov av zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cais. Txhua yam teeb meem uas nyob ib puag ncig lub ntiaj teb no muaj xws li hais. Dab tsi yog cov khoom uas tsim cov atoms?
Definition
Ib subatomic particle yog ib qho ntawm cov "cib" uas tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tau tsim. Cov khoom no suav nrog protons thiab neutrons, uas yog ib feem ntawm atomic nuclei. Cov hluav taws xob hloov pauv nyob ib puag ncig nuclei kuj tseem nyob hauv pawg no. Hauv lwm lo lus, subatomic hais hauv physics yog protons, neutrons thiab electrons. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no paub rau tus txiv neej, raws li txoj cai, tsis pom cov khoom ntawm lwm yam - lawv nyob tsis xws luag. Thaum lawv lub hnub nyoog xaus, lawv lwj mus rau hauv cov khoom zoo tib yam.
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov subatomic hais uas nyob luv luv, hnub no yog ntau pua. Lawv cov naj npawb zoo heev uas cov kws tshawb fawb tsis siv cov npe li niaj zaus rau lawv. Zoo li cov hnub qub, lawv feem ntau raug xaiv cov lej thiab cov tsiaj ntawv.
Key Features
Spin, hluav taws xob, thiab huab hwm coj yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov subatomic particle. Txij li thaum qhov hnyav ntawm ib qho particle feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog huab hwm coj, qee qhov ntawm cov khoom yog ib txwm hu ua "hnyav". Einstein txoj kev sib npaug (E=mc2) qhia tias qhov loj ntawm ib qho subatomic particle ncaj qha nyob ntawm nws lub zog thiab ceev. Raws li rau tus nqi hluav taws xob, nws ib txwm yog ntau yam ntawm lub hauv paus chav tsev. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus nqi ntawm ib tug proton yog +1, ces tus nqi ntawm ib tug electron yog -1. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov subatomic hais, xws li photon lossis neutrino, tsis muaj hluav taws xob them tag nrho.
Tsis tas li, tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog lub neej ntawm cov khoom. Tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntseeg tias cov electrons, photons, nrog rau neutrinos thiab protons yog qhov ruaj khov, thiab lawv lub neej yuav luag tsis kawg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Piv txwv li, lub neutron tseem nyob ruaj khov mus txog thaum nws "liberated" los ntawm lub nucleus ntawm lub atom. Tom qab ntawd, nws lub neej yog nyob rau nruab nrab 15 feeb. Tag nrho cov khoom tsis ruaj khov tau dhau los ua cov txheej txheem quantum decay uas tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tau kiag li.
Particle Research
Lub atom tau suav tias yog qhov sib cais kom txog thaum nws pom cov qauv. Kwv yees li ib puas xyoo dhau los, Rutherford tau ua nws qhov kev sim nto moo, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib tsoo ib daim ntawv nyias nrog cov kwj ntawm alpha hais. Nws muab tawm tias cov atoms ntawm cov teeb meem yog xyaum khoob. Thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub atom yog txhua yam uas peb hu ua lub nucleus ntawm lub atom - nwstxog ib txhiab npaug me dua lub atom nws tus kheej. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias lub atom muaj ob hom hais - lub nucleus thiab electrons.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov kws tshawb fawb muaj lus nug: vim li cas cov proton, electron thiab positron lo ua ke thiab tsis tawg nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv raws li lub zog ntawm Coulomb? Thiab tseem rau cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd nws tseem tsis tau paub meej: yog tias cov khoom no yog theem pib, ces tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim rau lawv, thiab lawv yuav tsum nyob mus ib txhis.
Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm quantum physics, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov neutron yuav lwj, thiab tib lub sijhawm nrawm heev. Nws lwj mus rau hauv ib qho proton, ib qho hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam uas tsis tuaj yeem ntes tau. Cov tom kawg tau pom los ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog. Tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav tias cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau dhau mus, tab sis tam sim no nws paub tias qhov no nyob deb ntawm rooj plaub. Ib qho tshiab hu ua neutrino tau pom. Nws nqa tsis muaj hluav taws xob thiab muaj qhov hnyav heev.
Neutron
Neutron yog subatomic particle uas muaj hluav taws xob nruab nrab. Nws qhov loj yog yuav luag 2,000 npaug ntawm qhov loj ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob. Txij li cov neutrons nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab, lawv cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog cov nuclei ntawm atoms, thiab tsis nrog lawv cov plhaub hluav taws xob. Neutrons kuj tseem muaj lub sijhawm sib nqus uas tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb nrhiav cov qauv sib nqus ntawm cov teeb meem microscopic. Neutron hluav taws xob tsis muaj teeb meem txawm tias cov kab mob lom.
Subatomic particle - proton
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov noCov "cib ntawm teeb meem" yog ua los ntawm peb quarks. Lub proton yog ib tug zoo nqi particle. Qhov loj ntawm cov proton tshaj qhov loj ntawm lub electron los ntawm 1836 lub sij hawm. Ib qho proton thiab ib qho hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua ke los tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim tshaj plaws, hydrogen atom. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, nws tau ntseeg tias protons tsis tuaj yeem hloov lawv lub vojvoog nyob ntawm seb cov electrons orbit saum lawv. Ib tug proton yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txuas nrog ib qho hluav taws xob, nws hloov mus ua ib qho neutron.
Electron
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau pom thawj zaug los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv J. Thomson hauv xyoo 1897. Cov khoom no, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tam sim no ntseeg, yog ib qho khoom tseem ceeb lossis cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm subatomic particle nyob rau hauv lub atom, uas tsis muaj nws tus kheej qauv - tsis muaj lwm yam, me me Cheebtsam. Hauv kev sib koom ua ke nrog ib qho proton thiab neutron, ib qho hluav taws xob tsim ib lub atom. Tam sim no cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau paub tias qhov khoom no muaj li cas. Ib tug electron yog ib tug particle uas muaj ib tug infinitesimal hluav taws xob nqi. Lo lus "electron" hauv kev txhais lus los ntawm Greek thaum ub txhais tau tias "amber" - tom qab tag nrho, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Hellas siv amber los tshawb xyuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws xob. Lo lus no tau hais los ntawm British physicist xyoo 1894, J. Stoney.
Vim li cas ho kawm txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb?
Cov lus teb yooj yim tshaj plaws rau cov lus nug vim li cas cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum paub txog subatomic hais yog: kom muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv sab hauv ntawm lub atom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus no tsuas muaj qhov tseeb xwb. ATQhov tseeb, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis yog tsuas yog cov qauv sab hauv ntawm lub atom - lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb yog kev sib tsoo ntawm qhov me me ntawm cov teeb meem. Thaum cov khoom muaj zog heev no sib tsoo nrog ib leeg ntawm kev kub ceev, lub ntiaj teb tshiab tau yug los, thiab cov seem ntawm cov teeb meem sab laug tom qab kev sib tsoo pab daws qhov tsis meej ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas ib txwm ua tsis meej rau cov kws tshawb fawb.
