Lusatian lus yog nyob rau sab hnub poob Slavic lus, hais tsawg dua 100 txhiab tus neeg. Nws tsis tuaj yeem raug cais raws li cov neeg nyiam, thiab txhua xyoo muaj cov neeg hais lus tsawg dua thiab tsawg dua, tab sis cov kab lus nws tus kheej tau khaws ob peb yam ntxwv uas txawv ntawm lwm yam lus Slavic thiab ua rau nws txaus siab kawm.
Kev piav qhia thiab thaj chaw ntawm kev faib khoom
Lusatian hais nyob qhov twg? Rau kev piav qhia, nws yog siv los ntawm lub npe Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ob peb haiv neeg ntawm lub xeev, tshaj tawm txoj kev ntseeg Lutheran lossis Catholic. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias cov Slavs hais ob hom lus - lawv hom lus thiab German.
Yog vim li cas tus yam ntxwv ntawm Lusatian lus yog ntau tus Germanisms - qiv los ntawm cov lus German.
Tsis tas li, cov lus muaj qee qhov nta:
- Dual.
- Tus adjective tsis muaj daim ntawv luv.
Tam sim no muaj 34 tsab ntawv ua lus, thiab qee qhov tau sivtshwj xeeb hauv cov npe kom raug, nrog rau kev qiv nyiaj txawv teb chaws.
hais lus
Lusatian lus muaj ob hom lus - Sab sauv thiab Lower Lusatian, lawv zoo sib xws, tab sis muaj ntau qhov sib txawv tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- Phonetic system: qee lub suab tau hais txawv nyob ntawm hom lus.
- Vocabulary. Ob hom lus muaj cov lus tshwj xeeb, txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg hais lus ib txwm yuav tsis ntsib teeb meem loj hauv kev nkag siab ib leeg.
- Nyob hauv morphology. Yog li, tsuas yog Lower Lusatian dialects muaj cov lus hais ntawm cov aorist thiab imperfect, tsuas yog Upper Lusatian dialects muaj supin, ib tug tshwj xeeb hais lus noun.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ob hom lus yog vim qhov tseeb tias ua ntej muaj ob hom lus ywj pheej ntawm Serbol Luzhitsk, uas tau siv los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua raws li txoj haujlwm no, qee tus kws paub lus Askiv ntseeg tias cov lus yeej ib txwm yog ib qho, tab sis vim muaj ntau yam, nws muaj kev sib cais kom meej. Yog li, Upper Lusatian dialect yog yam ntxwv ntawm Serbs nyob hauv Budishin thiab thaj chaw rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub nroog no. Cov lus nws tus kheej yog heterogeneous thiab suav nrog ob peb hom lus:
- Western Catholic;
- Buddish;
- Kulovsky;
- Golan;
- East Lanese.
Cov lus lus Lower Lusatian muaj nyob hauv lub nroog Khoshebuz thiab nws ib puag ncig. Nws yog hais los ntawm tsis ntau tshaj 8 txhiab tus neeg, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov neeg hais lus yog cov laus lawm. Ob peb hom lus:
- Khoshebuz;
- Northwest;
- Northeast;
- hais lus tshwj xeeb ntawm lub zos Horns.
Cov lus hloov pauv nruab nrab ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab qis Lusatian tuaj yeem hnov hauv qee lub zos.
History of language development
Cov lus Slavic no tau tsim los ntawm cov lus ntawm pawg neeg sab hnub poob Slavs, yog li muaj ntau yam Proto-Slavic nta hauv xov tooj hauv nws cov kab ke. Pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Lusatian tau raug tsim txom los ntawm German feudal lords, uas tau sim ua tsis tau tsuas yog lawv txoj kev ntseeg, tab sis kuj lawv cov lus. Tias yog vim li cas Lusatian lus yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv German lus qiv. Tab sis, txawm tias muaj kev kub ntxhov, Serbs tau tswj hwm los tsim lawv tus kheej tsab ntawv, uas tau tshwm sim raws li Latin hauv xyoo pua 16th. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, phau Vajlugkub raug muab txhais ua lus Slavic, cov phau ntawv tau luam tawm thawj zaug. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, muaj ib tug meej faib ntawm cov lus ua ob dialects, ob literary dialects tau tsim.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, thawj cov qauv sau ntawv tau tshwm sim: hauv 1640 - Lower Lusatian, hauv 1679 - Lusatian Upper. Phau ntawv txhais lus Latin-Serbolussian tau luam tawm nyob rau xyoo 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Tom qab luam tawm tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab tshwm nyob rau hauv Lusatian lus. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias Serbs - haiv neeg hais lus nyob rau hauv German ib ncig, lawv tau tswj hwm lawv cov lus tshwj xeeb. Tias yog vim li cas lo lus nug "nyob rau hauv lub xeev twg cov lus Lusatian tau hais" tuaj yeem muab cov lus teb meej heev - hauv tebchaws Yelemes, tab sis nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws uas cov Slavs - Serbs nyob.
lub xeev ntawm cov lus
Cov lus Lusatian muaj qhov txwv tsis pub siv thiab yog li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb qhia tias nws yuav maj mam poob rau hauv kev siv, thiab tib hom lus German yuav kav rau thaj chaw ntawm Lusatia. Cia peb xam seb leej twg hais lus Lusatian thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm twg. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, hom lus no yog siv hauv kev sib txuas lus ntawm tsev neeg, thaum German siv hauv kev lag luam. Cov kev pabcuam tseem muaj nyob hauv Serbian Lusatian, thiab qee yam kev kawm raug qhia ua ib feem ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm. Tab sis niaj hnub no cov hluas tab tom poob kev txaus siab rau lawv haiv neeg, hom lus tsis nrov heev, yog li nws cov neeg hais lus tau tsawg zuj zus txhua xyoo.
Phonetic nta
Tau txiav txim siab nyob hauv lub tebchaws twg cov lus Lusatian tau hais, cia peb mus rau qhov piav qhia ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv.
Muaj 7 lub suab, thaum muaj ib lub suab nrov qis, ob sab saud thiab qis nruab nrab, peb lub suab nrov. Ob lub suab suab nyob ze rau lub suab diphthongs. Muaj 27 lub suab sib txawv hauv cov lus, lawv txawv ntawm txoj kev thiab qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim, lawv tuaj yeem muaj cov suab nrov ntawm lub suab, lossis ua yam tsis muaj nws. Nyob rau hauv lub rooj, peb nthuav qhia qhov kev sib piv ntawm lub system ntawm consonant phonemes nyob rau hauv Lusatian thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam lus Slavic.
| Lab lus | lusatian | Polish | Czech | Slovak |
| Raws li txoj kev hais lus | ||||
| Explosive | + | + | + | + |
| Aspirated explosives | + | - | - | |
| Nasal | + | + | + | + |
| Nkauj kho siab | + | + | + | + |
| + | + | + | + | |
| Kev sib tw | + | + | + | + |
| Sliding approximants | + | + | + | + |
| Sidelines | + | + | + | + |
| Raws li qhov chaw kawm | ||||
| Labial | + | + | + | + |
| Labio-dental | + | + | + | + |
| Dental | - | + | + | + |
| Alveolar | + | + | + | + |
| Postalveolar | + | - | - | - |
| palatals | + | + | + | + |
| Raws-lus | + | + | + | + |
| Uvular | + | - | - | - |
| Glottal | + | - | + | + |
Qhov sib txawv ntawm Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lusatian cov lus tuaj yeem pom nyob rau theem ntawm phonetics. Yog li, hauv Polish muaj 6 lub suab, hauv Czech muaj 9, lawv txawv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub suab. Thiab tsis zoo li Slovak, diphthongs tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Lusatian phonetics, qee cov vowels txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug nyiam rau diphthongization. Aspirated plosives los ntawm cov npe Slavic lus yog muaj nyob rau hauv Lusatian nkaus xwb. Lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov lus Lusatian yog qhov tsis muaj kev kho hniav thiab muaj cov postalveolar sawv daws yuav.
Accent
Lusatian dialect is inherent intas sij hawm, lub zog kev ntxhov siab, thaum lub suab lus ntxhov siab yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv qee yam nqaij leeg los hais nws. Thawj lub suab ntawm ib lo lus feem ntau nyuaj siab. Cov lus no zoo ib yam li Czech thiab Slovak. Hauv Polish, nws yuav luag ib txwm poob ntawm lub suab lus kawg.
Txoj kev ntawm morphology thiab syntax
Muaj ntau yam ntawm cov qauv grammatical ntawm cov lus:
- Lub xub ntiag ntawm 10 ntu ntawm kev hais lus: peb lub npe, lus, lus qhia, lus ntuas thiab pab (preposition, conjunction, particle), interjections.
- Ib lub npe muaj pawg poj niam txiv neej (muaj peb ntawm lawv: txiv neej, neuter thiab feminine), tus lej (singular, plural, dual), rooj plaub (muaj 6 ntawm lawv, xws li hauv Lavxias, kuj tseem muaj ib qho. vocative form), cwm pwm thiab animation.
- Adjectives belongs rau ib qho ntawm peb pawg (zoo, txheeb ze thiab muaj), tuaj yeem tsim qib, tab sis tsis muaj daim ntawv luv.
- Vim cov ntawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, muaj ntau lub sijhawm dhau los.
- Hauv kev tsim cov kab lus, ib tus tuaj yeem nco qab cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no: cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus raug teem rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim "subject - object - predicate". Piv txwv li, hauv Lavxias, kab lus yuav raug tsim zoo li no: "Poj niam mob strokes tus miv."
Cov lus Lusatian yog qhov tshwj xeeb grammatical tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus Slavic thiab German qiv yog sib cuam tshuam. Hauv qee txoj kev, nws zoo ib yam li Czech, Polish, txawm tias Lavxias, tab sis tseem tseem yog qub.
