Txhua ntu ntawm cov lus yog kev kawm txog qee yam lus tshwm sim thiab cov ntsiab lus lus. Ua ke lawv tsim ib qho system. Cov seem twg yog qhov txawv hauv Lavxias? Tsuas muaj tsib lub ntsiab xwb. Qhov no yog txoj kev kawm ntawm cov lus qhia ncaj qha. Kuj tseem muaj ntu ntawm kev hais lus hauv Lavxias, uas lub hauv paus rau kev txiav txim siab yog kab lis kev cai ntawm kev hais lus thiab nws cov yam ntxwv stylistic. Tseem muaj qhov xaiv tau. Tab sis lawv tsis muaj tsawg tseem ceeb. Xav txog lawv thiab seb lawv cuam tshuam li cas.
Lavxias teb sab: tshooj lus Lavxias
Lub tsev kawm ntawv cov chav kawm yog tsim raws li qhov uas twb muaj nyob rau hauv cov qib thawj, cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm tag nrho cov tseem ceeb. Lawv paub tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab muaj xws li cov seem xws li phonetics, lexicology, morphemics, morphology thiab syntax. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau paub lawv txhua tus hauv qhov tob ntxiv, kawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim.
Phonetics
Thawj ntu, los ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus Lavxias pib. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm phonetics yog lub suab hais lus. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav kawm seb hom lus yog dab tsi. Tau paub nrog cov pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab hais lus, qhov chaw alternations, lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog txoj hauj lwm, lub hauv paus ntawm syllable division.
Morfemics
Studies qhov yooj yim chav tsev me me ntawm ib hom lus uas muaj lub ntsiab lus - morpheme. Hauv chav kawm lus Lavxias, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav kawm tias nws yog dab tsi. Lawv tau paub nrog cov morphemes hauv qab no: prefix, hauv paus (nqa lub ntsiab lus lexical), suffix, xaus, postfix. Tshawb nrhiav lawv lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus. Muaj derivational thiab formative morphemes. Kawm kom nkag siab qhov ua rau lawv txawv.
Derivation
tshooj lus Lavxias no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog yav dhau los. Lo lus tsim yog kawm txog cov lus tsim li cas. Qhia qhov kev paub xaiv ntawm qee yam morphemes. Nws tsis yog ib txwm sawv tawm raws li ib qho kev ywj pheej ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, adjoining morphemic.
Vocabulary and phraseology
Qhov txaus nyiam tshaj plaws rau cov tub ntxhais kawm yog thaum kawm lus Lavxias, ntu lus Lavxias hu ua lexicology. Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav tshaj plaws yog nthuav qhia meej hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus. Thaum kawm txog ntu no, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau paub txog lub tswv yim ntawm lo lus. Lawv kuj tsim ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus. Phraseology yog ze ze rau lexicology. Qhov no yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ruaj khov ua ke ntawm cov lus. Cov khoom muaj yeeb yuj thiab nplua nuj lexical yog nrov heev rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab nyiam lawv cov xim.
Morphology
Tej zaum qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb kawm hauv chav kawm morphology yog ib feem ntawm kev hais lus. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, seem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus "Morphology" yog ib qho nyuaj rau to taub vim hais tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hais lus, txawm lub uas twb muaj lawm kev faib yog tseem.tau nyuaj txij thaum ntawd los.
Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm qee zaum nyuaj rau muab qhov no lossis lo lus ntawd rau qee pawg. Kev lig kev cai, peb pawg ntawm cov lus hais txawv txawv: ywj siab, kev pabcuam thiab tshwj xeeb. Cov yav tas muaj xws li interjections, onomatopoeia, modal lus.
Ntxiv rau kom paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus, cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv lawv lub cev. Assimilate cov grammatical qeb ntawm txhua chav kawm.
Syntax
Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Zoo sib xws rau morphology. Feem ntau, ob ntu no yog ib txwm muab ua ke rau hauv ib qho, hu ua kab lus. Qhov tseeb yog qhov kev kawm ntawm syntax tsuas yog ua tau zoo thiab ua tiav thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm los txhais cov lus ua ib feem ntawm kev hais lus hauv cov ntsiab lus. Cov ntsiab lus syntactic yog cov kab lus thiab kab lus.
Xaiv Tshooj
Cov no suav nrog kev sau ntawv thiab cov cim. Thawj ntawm lawv yog sib txuas nrog phonetics thiab morphemics. Tsuas yog kev paub txog lub suab hais lus yuav pab tau qhov tseeb spelling ntawm cov lus, uas yog dab tsi spelling ua. Cov cim cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, raws li ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, yog qhov tseeb qhov chaw ntawm cov cim cim. Nws yog ze ze rau morphology thiab syntax.
