Kawm lus Lavxias pib nrog qhov pib. Lawv tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv. Cov khoom yog cov lus units ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab lus uas qhov kev faib tawm hauv lawv tus kheej qib tsis tuaj yeem lees txais. Tom ntej no, peb yuav txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus kom ntxaws ntxiv, txhais cov kev faib tawm. Kab lus tseem yuav muab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim.
Decomposability
Dab tsi yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias? Muaj kev faib nyob rau hauv cov qauv rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teej tug mus rau qib qis. Nws muaj xws li ib yam li cov txheej txheem decomposability. Nws txiav txim siab seb cov lus uas tau muab faib ua pawg. Raws li qhov ua tau ntawm decomposability, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tau muab faib ua yooj yim thiab complex. Cov qub muaj xws li indivisible units xws li phonemes thiab morphemes. Cov pab pawg thib ob suav nrog cov khoom uas tau decomposed rau hauv cov khoom uas nyob rau theem qis tshaj. Cov lus tseem ceeb tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ntau theem ntawm qhov system.
Kev faib tawm
Cov lus sib txawv tau muab tso ua ob pawg. Thawj txiav txim siab txog hom suab zoo li cas. Rau qeb nomuaj cov khoom siv uas muaj lub suab nrov mus tas li. Tshwj xeeb, lawv suav nrog cov lus xws li phoneme, lo lus, morpheme, thiab txawm tias kab lus. Kuj tseem muaj cov khoom siv sib xws. Nws yog ib qho qauv tsim cov kab lus thiab kab lus, uas muaj lub ntsiab lus dav dav. Kuj muaj xws li ib yam li units ntawm tus nqi. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem nyob sab nraud ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv sib txawv, vim lawv yog lawv cov semantic. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv ntawm cov lus tau muab faib ua ib sab thiab ob sab. Cov qub tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus, lawv tsuas yog pab tsim lub plhaub. Cov no suav nrog, piv txwv li, phonemes thiab syllables. Tab sis ob tog tseem ceeb, uas yog vim li cas lawv txawm nyob rau hauv qeb siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus. Cov no yog cov lus thiab kab lus. Qib lus yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj lossis yog lawv cov khoom.
lus Russian
Los ntawm txhais, qhov system no yog ib qho kev sau ntawm cov cim cim rov ua dua tshiab hauv daim ntawv suab, uas qhia txog kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm tus neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yog ib qho kev sib txuas lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv xa mus. Nina Davidovna Arutyunova, ib tug Soviet thiab Lavxias teb sab linguist, suav hais tias lus yog ib qho tseem ceeb point nyob rau hauv lub evolution ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab haiv neeg. Nyob rau theem qis tshaj ntawm lub kaw lus yog phonetics, uas yog, suab. Saum toj no yog morphemes, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qib dhau los. Cov lus yog tsim los ntawm morphemes, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tsimsyntactic kev tsim kho. Ib chav tsev lus lus yog tus cwj pwm tsis yog los ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob hauv ib txoj kab ke. Nws kuj ua tau ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv.
Cia peb kawm ib hom lus, uas yog nyob rau theem qis tshaj - phoneme. Lub suab nws tus kheej tsis nqa ib qho semantic load. Txawm li cas los xij, nws, cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus uas nyob rau tib theem nrog nws, pab kom paub qhov txawv ntawm tus kheej morphemes thiab cov lus. Lub suab lus yog cov suab lus. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov tseeb tias lawv qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog ib txwm muaj kev lees paub txaus, qee cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau maj nrawm pom zoo tias lub suab kuj yog ib hom lus.
Morpheme
Morphemes suav hais tias yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus uas muaj lub ntsiab lus semantic. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lo lus yog lub hauv paus. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog tus txiav txim lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus. Tab sis ntau yam suffixes, prefixes thiab endings tsuas yog ntxiv lub ntsiab lus muab los ntawm lub hauv paus. Tag nrho cov morphemes tau muab faib ua cov uas tsim cov lus (lo lus tsim), thiab cov uas tsim cov ntawv (lawv hu ua grammatical). Cov lus Lavxias yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv xws li kev tsim kho. Yog li, lo lus "reddish" yog tsim los ntawm peb morphemes. Thawj yog lub hauv paus "liab-", uas txiav txim siab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom. Lub ntsiab lus "-ovat-" qhia tias qhov no feature yog manifested mus rau ib tug me me npaum li cas. Thiab, thaum kawg, qhov xaus "th" txiav txim siab poj niam txiv neej, tus lej thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub npe pom zoo nrog cov lus qhia no. Nrog rau kev txhim kho keeb kwm thiab lus, qee qhov morphemes maj mam hloov. Cov lus zoo li no,yuav ua li cas "chav tsev", "ntiv tes" thiab "capital" tau muab faib ua ntau qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus no tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub hauv paus. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov morphemes tau siv ntau lub ntsiab lus ntau dua li tam sim no.
lus
chav hais lus ywj pheej no suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Nws muab cov npe rau kev xav, yam khoom, kev ua thiab cov khoom, yog ib feem ntawm kab lus. Cov tom kawg tuaj yeem suav nrog ib lo lus. Cov lus yog tsim los ntawm lub plhaub suab, uas yog, lub suab nrov, morphemes (morphological feature) thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus (semantic feature). Hauv txhua hom lus, muaj ob peb lo lus uas muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus. Lavxias teb sab lus abounds nyob rau hauv xws li mob tshwj xeeb tshaj yog. Yog li, lo lus paub zoo "rooj" tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom siv sab hauv uas muaj feem xyuam nrog cov rooj tog zaum, tab sis kuj yog cov ntawv qhia zaub mov ntawm ob peb lub tais, nrog rau cov khoom siv hauv chaw kho mob ib puag ncig.
Txhua lo lus tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg raws li cov qauv sib txawv. Kev faib tawm raws li grammatical nta ua pab pawg ntawm cov lus hais. Kev sib txuas lus hauv tsev tsim pawg ntawm cov lus. Los ntawm lub ntsiab lus, cov ntsiab lus no tau muab faib ua cov lus sib dhos, cov lus sib dhos thiab pawg thematic. Keeb kwm faib lawv mus rau hauv archaisms, neologisms thiab historicisms. Los ntawm qhov kev pom ntawm qhov kev siv, cov lus tau muab faib ua kev tshaj lij, jargon, dialectisms thiab cov ntsiab lus. Muab rau hauv tus account lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv cov qauv lus, phraseological units thiab cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw thiab cov npe txawv. Tus qub, piv txwv li, suav nrog cov kab lus xws liraws li "boiling point" thiab "insert design". Piv txwv rau cov npe sib xyaw yog "Hiav Txwv Dawb" thiab "Ivan Vasilyevich".
nqe lus thiab kab lus
Ib hom lus uas tsim los ntawm cov lus hu ua kab lus. Qhov no yog ib qho qauv uas muaj tsawg kawg yog ob lub ntsiab lus txuas nrog hauv ib txoj hauv kev hauv qab no: los ntawm kev sib koom tes, kev tswj hwm lossis kev sib txuas. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus thiab kab lus tsim los ntawm lawv yog cov khoom ntawm kab lus. Tab sis kab lus kuj yog ib kauj ruam qis dua kab lus. Hauv qhov no, theem syntactic ntawm cov lus ntaiv yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas tag nrho cov qauv tsim. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus yog intonation. Nws qhia qhov ua tiav lossis tsis tiav ntawm qhov tsim. Nws muab nws cov lus nug lossis kev txiav txim, thiab tseem ntxiv cov xim ntawm lub siab lub ntsws nrog cov lus exclamation.
"Emic" thiab "ethical" units ntawm lus
Cov khoom siv ntawm ib hom lus tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau yam sib txawv los yog hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev paub daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib txawv, hu ua invariant. Cov qub tau hais los ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees xws li allophones, allomorphs, keeb kwm yav dhau, thiab morphs. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov kawg, muaj phonemes thiab morphemes. Cov lus hais yog ua los ntawm cov lus hais. Cov no suav nrog cov kab lus thiab kab lus, cov lus sib xyaw, morphemes thiab phonemes. Cov ntsiab lus no tau qhia los ntawm Pike, tus kws paub lus Asmeskas.
yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais luskhoom
Muaj ntau cov lus qhia hauv kev tshawb fawb, txhua tus muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev nkag siab thiab kev piav qhia ntawm cov lus. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis hais qhov txawv ntawm qhov twg los, nws yog ib txwm ua tau los txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus. Piv txwv li, phoneme yog suav tias yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov suab uas zoo sib xws hauv cov lus ntawm phonetics. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus no yog tias tsis muaj lawv nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov lus thiab lawv cov qauv. Morphemes yog hom lus uas tsis txawv ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ywj pheej. Cov lus, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog ywj siab. Lawv kuj yog ib feem ntawm kab lus. Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv no muaj ntau yam tsis yog rau cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Lawv tsim nyog rau txhua hom lus.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qauv tsim
Muaj ntau hom kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus thiab kev hais lus. Thawj hom hu ua paradigmatic. Hom no qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov units uas nyob rau tib theem. Hauv kev sib raug zoo syntagmatic, cov khoom ntawm tib qib sib xyaw ua ke nrog ib leeg thaum lub sijhawm hais lus, lossis lwm yam tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm qib siab dua. Hierarchical kev sib raug zoo yog txiav txim los ntawm lub degree ntawm complexity ntawm chav tsev, thaum cov theem qis yog suav nrog nyob rau hauv lub siab dua.
