Cov lus Lavxias yog hom iav uas qhia txog tus ntsuj plig uas muaj nyob hauv txhua tus neeg. Nws lub suab, qhia tau hais tias, artic possibilities yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws tsis tshua muaj concentrated essence. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov hais txog qhov zoo ntawm cov lus zoo nkauj heev: nws muaj kev sib tw ntawm Italian thiab splendor ntawm lus Mev, lub viv ncaus ntawm Fabkis thiab lub zog ntawm German, nplua nuj thiab nthuav brevity ntawm Greek thiab Latin. Tag nrho cov khoom no tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd. Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog rooted nyob rau hauv lub tob ntawm lub sij hawm.
Protolanguage
Hnub no, muaj ntau lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho cov lus Proto-Slavic. Txhua tus kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias nws sawv tawm ntawm Proto-Indo-European. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias ntev ntev muaj cov lus Proto-B alto-Slavic, uas tom qab ntawd tawg mus rau Proto-Slavic thiab Proto-B altic. Nyob rau hauv kev haum xeeb ntawm no hais luscoob tus pom zoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm cov kws tshawb fawb sau txog kev sib txuas ntawm ob hom lus thiab lub sijhawm tom qab ntawm lawv qhov kev sib koom ua ke.
Ua li ntawd, qhov kev sib cais ntawm qhov deb "poj koob yawm txwv" ntawm Lavxias teb sab los ntawm Proto-Indo-European hnub rov qab mus rau III txhiab xyoo BC. Cov ntawv sau ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj nyob. Txawm li cas los xij, ua tib zoo tshawb fawb ua haujlwm thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb rov tsim kho cov lus hauv lub sijhawm nyob deb.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txav mus los thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm pab pawg, lawv cov txheeb ze sib cais, cov lus Proto-Slavic nyob rau hauv VI-VII centuries. n. e. faib ua peb ceg: sab qab teb, sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj.
qub Russian
Cov ceg sab hnub tuaj hu ua "Lus Lavxias teb sab lus". Nws tshwm sim txog li ntawm 13th-14 centuries. Eastern Slavs hais lus Laus Lavxias.
Qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov suav nrog ntau yam lus, sib cuam tshuam thiab cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Lawv qhov sib thooj tau txhawb nqa loj los ntawm kev tsim cov qub Lavxias teb sab xeev. Los ntawm XI-XII centuries. ob peb hom lus tau txawv ntawm hom lus:
- southwest - hauv Kyiv, Galicia thiab Volhynia;
- western - hauv Smolensk thiab Polotsk;
- southeast - Ryazan, Kursk, Chernihiv;
- northeast - Rostov thiab Suzdal.
North-Western - Novgorod, Pskov;
Cov lus hais txawv los ntawm tag nrho cov yam ntxwv, qee qhov tau khaws cia hauv cov cheeb tsam niaj hnub no. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus sau uas siv rau kev cai lij chojcov ntaub ntawv. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, nws tau ua raws li lus Kievan thaum ub.
YCyril thiab Methodius
Lub sijhawm sau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov lus qub Lavxias pib thaum xyoo pua 11th. Nws yog txuam nrog cov npe ntawm Cyril thiab Methodius. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th lawv tsim lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, paub rau peb los ntawm thaum yau, "loj hlob" precisely los ntawm nws. Cyril thiab Methodius tau txhais Vajluskub Dawb Huv rau hauv lub Koom Txoos Slavonic. Cov lus no tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov kev pabcuam Orthodox niaj hnub no. Tau ntev los nws tau siv los ua kev sau ntawv, sau ntawv thiab tsis tau - raws li kev sib tham.
Church Slavonic yog raws li South Bulgarian Slavic lus. Nws yog ib txwm nyob rau Cyril thiab Methodius thiab cuam tshuam cov lus thiab kev sau ntawm cov lus qub Lavxias.
3 ceg
Ntau dua lossis tsawg dua qub Lavxias yog mus txog rau xyoo pua XI. Tom qab ntawd lub xeev pib tig mus rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov thawj coj ywj pheej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib cais no, cov lus ntawm cov pej xeem sib txawv tau pib sib cais thiab nws thiaj li hloov mus ua hom lus ywj pheej. Lawv qhov kawg tsim hnub rov qab mus rau XIII-XIV centuries. Cov lus Lavxias yog ib qho ntawm peb ceg. Lwm ob yog Ukrainian thiab Belarusian. Ua ke lawv yog ib feem ntawm pab pawg ntawm East Slavic lus.
Lub sijhawm qub Lavxias hauv keeb kwm ntawm hom lus
Cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib txuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob hom lus: sab qaum teb sab hnub poob (Pskov thiab Novgorod) thiab nruab nrab sab hnub tuaj (Rostov, Suzdal,Ryazan thiab Moscow). Nws txoj kev loj hlob ua ntej cov tsos ntawm ib co tshiab nta nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XVII centuries. Cia peb nyob ntawm lawv hauv me ntsis ntxiv.
Lub sijhawm no, cov lus ntawm Moscow Thawj Tswj Hwm tau qiv ob peb lub ntsiab lus thiab lexical los ntawm Polish. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov ntau dua, nws raug cuam tshuam rau lub Koom Txoos Slavonic. Nws lub hwj chim tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov lus, syntax, spelling thiab morphology ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim ntawm tus kheej, tsis yog qiv cov yam ntxwv tshiab kuj tau pom:
- poob hauv kev poob qis ntawm kev hloov pauv c/c, g/s, x/s;
- hloov cov lus;
- ploj ntawm IV declension thiab ntau dua.
Lub sijhawm txij hnub XIV txog XVII hauv keeb kwm ntawm hom lus hu ua Old Russian.
Ntawm Literary Russian
Cov lus paub peb tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 17th-19th. Cov dej num ntawm Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj haujlwm no. Nws tsim cov kev cai ntawm kev txheeb xyuas nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, yog tus sau ntawm scientific grammar.
Txawm li cas los xij, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin tau suav tias yog tus tsim ncaj qha ntawm cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no. Tau kawg, yog tias koj saib ib phau ntawv ntawm xyoo tas los no thiab muab piv rau nws, piv txwv li, nrog cov ntawv ntawm Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm tus ntxhais, koj yuav pom ntau qhov sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog tus kws sau paj huam thiab kws sau ntawv zoo uas tau tswj hwm los ua ke cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus sau yav dhau los nrog cov yam ntxwv sib xws, thiab qhov no tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho ntxiv.
Qiv
Qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm txhua yam lus yog qhov cuam tshuamdialects hais los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze los yog yooj yim tus phooj ywg lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv ntau centuries, Lavxias teb sab tau ntxiv nrog cov lus uas txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Niaj hnub no lawv hu ua qiv. Lawv yooj yim hnov hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev sib tham:
- English: football, kis las, hockey;
- German: plaub hau plaub hau, qhaub cij, rooj vag;
- Fabkis: daim ntaub thaiv, phuam qhwv caj dab, lub tsho, pem teb teeb;
- Spanish: cocoa, bullfighting, castanets;
- Latin: nqus tsev, delegate, koom pheej.
Nrog rau kev qiv nyiaj, cov lus Lavxias ib txwm muaj qhov txawv. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm, ib txhia ntawm lawv dhau los ntawm ancient hom lus. Cov lus Lavxias qub tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob peb pawg:
- ntau Slavic (tsim ua ntej 5-6th centuries): niam, hmo ntuj, hnub, birch, haus, noj, kwv;
- East Slavic (tsim ua ntej XIV-XV centuries, feem ntau rau Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian): txiv ntxawm, taug kev, plaub caug, tsev neeg;
- Russia zoo (txij li lub xyoo pua 14th): cov npe denoting cov neeg, nrog cov lus tom qab -shchik thiab -chik (machine gunner), abstract nouns formed from adjectives with the suffix -ost (touchiness), compound abbreviated words (university, BAM, UN).
lub luag haujlwm ntawm lus
Hnub no, ntau lub tebchaws siv Lavxias ua lawv hom lus. Cov no yog Russia, Kazakhstan, koom pheej ntawm Belarus thiab Kyrgyzstan. Lavxias teb sab yog lub teb chaws hom lus ntawm peb cov neeg thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib txuas lus thoob ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv Central Eurasia, Eastern Europe, lub teb chaws ntawm lub qub USSR, thiab kuj yog ib tug ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Cov lus ua haujlwm siv los ntawm UN.
Lub hwj chim ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog tag nrho xav txog nyob rau hauv classical ntaub ntawv. Cov duab, kev nplua nuj ntawm cov lus, peculiarities ntawm lub suab, tsim cov lus thiab syntax ua rau nws tsim nyog los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov no tau tshwm sim rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv thaum lawv kawm cov ntsiab lus "Lavxias teb sab lus". Cov tsiaj ntawv sau ntawv thiab cov tsiaj ntawv tsiaj qus tau nthuav dav dua thaum lawv zais keeb kwm ntev, lub zog loj thiab lub zog ntawm tib neeg thiab lus.
