Koj puas tuaj yeem hu ua cov hlau fusible tshaj plaws? Lus Cim: Hauv nws lub cev ib txwm muaj, nws yog kua, silvery thiab lom lom heev. Kwv yees? Txawm li cas los xij, cia peb kawm paub ntxiv txog nws.
Dab tsi yog hlau fusible tshaj plaws?
Txawm tias ua ntej peb lub sijhawm, cov neeg Iyiv, Sumerians thiab Suav tau siv cov tshuaj no los npaj "cov tshuaj tsis txawj tuag" thiab lwm yam tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau ua kom lub neej ntev. Nws tau siv rau hauv cov xim thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce. Cov neeg Loos siv nws los kho cov kub, thiab cov alchemists sim rho cov kub ncaj qha los ntawm nws.
Cov neeg Greek thaum ub tau txiav txim siab hu cov hlau fusible tshaj plaws "nyiaj" thiab "dej", uas hauv Latin suab zoo li hydrargyrum. Hauv Proto-Slavic lus, nws lub npe suab zoo li "mercury", tab sis qhov twg lub npe no los ntawm tsis paub. Tej zaum los ntawm lo lus "ore".
Nws tau los ntawm cinnabar los ntawm kev ci los yog muab rho tawm hauv cov kua dej ncaj qha los ntawm pob zeb. Nyob rau hauv alchemy, mercury sib haum mus rau lub astronomical cim ntawm Mercury. Nws raug suav hais tias yog leej niam ntawm cov hlau thiab, nrog rau cov sulfur thiab ntsev, yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm peb lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. Mercury tau suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub pob zeb philosopher. Thiab txawm hais tias lub ntiaj teb no tau paub txog nws ntev, qhov kev piav qhia ntawm nws cov khoom thiabpov thawj tias nws yog hlau tiag tiag tsuas yog nthuav tawm xyoo 1759. Mikhail Lomonosov thiab Iosif Braun tau ua nws.
Khoom muaj mercury
Yog li, cov hlau fusible tshaj plaws yog mercury. Rau nws melting, qhov kub ntawm 234.32 K lossis -38.83 ° C yog xav tau. Ntxiv rau nws, txhuas, thallium, gallium, bismuth, tin, cadmium yaj ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Mercury boils ntawm 629.88 K los yog 356.73 degrees Celsius, thiab ntawm 4.155 K nws coj zoo li ib tug superconductor.
Nws muaj xim dawb-dawb nrog lub suab hais tawm. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, nws yog muab rau tus naj npawb 80. Nws yog tib yam hlau uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug kua lub xeev ntawm chav tsev kub. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev muaj zog, nws muaj ib tug rhombohedral lattice.
Cov hlau fusible tshaj plaws yog tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau oxidizing kev daws teeb meem thiab ntau cov pa roj. Nws tsis hnov mob nrog oxygen atmospheric, txawm hais tias nws yaj zoo kawg nkaus hauv aqua regia.
Nrog rau lwm yam hlau, mercury forms ntau yam alloys, amalgams. Daim ntawv cog lus muaj zog heev nrog cov organic tebchaw. Nws ua ke nrog cov tshuaj chlorine lossis iodine tom qab cua sov, tsim cov tshuaj lom thiab siv cov tshuaj tsis sib xws.
Nyob zoo rau lub cev
Cov hlau fusible tshaj plaws muaj thawj qib ntawm toxicity. Nws evaporates twb nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, thiab qhov kub ntawm huab cua, qhov ceev ntawm evaporation tus nqi. Mercury yog tshuaj lom rau tib neeg lub cev.cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, digestive, ua pa thiab lwm yam. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Cov tsos mob tshwm sim tom qab 8-24 teev.
Ntev mus ntev rau me me ntawm cov tshuaj mercury tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kab mob ntev. Ib tug neeg yuav chim siab thiab ceev nrooj, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev pw tsaug zog thiab mob taub hau, poob efficiency, nkees sai.
Cov tshuaj lom mob hnyav tuaj yeem muaj cov tsos mob zoo sib xws thaum xub thawj. Lawv kuj nrog ua npaws, qaug zog, ntuav thiab xeev siab, mob plab, tshee hnyo nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub cev los yog nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw ntawm nws. Cov tshuaj no cuam tshuam rau lub raum, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm nquag nquag tso zis.
Kev siv cov tshuaj mercury dav dav feem ntau ua rau muaj kev lom neeg ua haujlwm. Yog li, nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, nws tau siv los ua rau cov kaus mom. Cov tsos mob uas tshwm sim hauv tus tswv hu ua "tus kab mob ntawm tus qub hatter."
Mercury food poisoning tau rau cov neeg nyiam noj nqaij nruab deg. Cov hlau yog zoo kawg nkaus absorbed los ntawm lub cev ntawm marine lub neej, maj accumulating nyob rau hauv nws. Hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tib neeg niaj hnub noj ntses thiab lwm yam nqaij nruab deg, cov tsos mob ntawm cov kab mob lom yuav tshwm sim. Lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Canada, Colombia, Brazil thiab Tuam Tshoj.
Siv thiab nrhiav hauv xwm
Lub ntiaj teb cov hlau fusible tshaj plaws yog tawg ua rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Nws tag nrho cov concentration nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog kwv yees li 83 mg / t, uas ua rau nws ib tug tsis tshua muaj caij. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov av nplaum shales thiab sulfide minerals, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauvsphalerite thiab antimonite. tshwm sim nyob rau hauv livingstone thiab metacinnabarites.
Txawm hais tias nws muaj toxicity, mercury yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, xws li metallurgy, tshuaj, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, mechanical engineering, hluav taws xob engineering thiab txawm ua liaj ua teb. Cov hlau fusible tshaj plaws yog tsim rau sau lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob, ntsuas kub thiab ntsuas ntsuas.
Hauv kev lag luam hnyav, cov khoom siv mercury chav turbines, nqus cov nroj tsuag thiab diffusion twj. Lawv tau ntim nrog cov ntsuas ntsuas, roj teeb, roj teeb qhuav. Mercury koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov tshuab cua txias, tub yees thiab tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws. Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, nws yog siv los ua ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab.
