Hlau puag ncig peb ib txwm thiab txhua qhov chaw. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam uas peb siv txhua hnub. Tsuas yog saib ib ncig ntawm chav tsev koj nkag siab tias qhov no yog tiag tiag.
Txij thaum kawm ntawv, peb paub tias tag nrho cov ntxhia no tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj - ferrous thiab non-ferrous hlau. Qhov twg ntawm lawv yog pawg twg, peb yuav tsum paub. Dab tsi yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau muaj nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb?
Dab tsi yog hlau
qeb ntawm "ferrous hlau" suav nrog hlau thiab tag nrho nws cov alloys uas tam sim no muaj. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, hlau tsuas yog pom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam. Feem ntau nws yog steel.
hom hlau no yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas hlau nrog cov pa roj carbon thiab ntxiv cov ntsiab lus ntxiv uas muab cov hlau ua rau qee yam khoom tsim nyog hauv kev tsim khoom tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, sib nqus).
Hlau thiab hlau
Raws li txoj cai, hauv kev tsim cov hlau ferrous, muaj ntau theem txheej txheem: kev rho tawm ntawm cov ore thiab nws cov txheej txheem hauv lub qhov cub tawg. Tom qab no, cam khwb cia hlau yog tau, los ntawm uas tom qab tau txaistxhua yam hlau thiab hlau alloys. Cov tom kawg yog siv ntau dua hauv kev lag luam hnyav. Tsis zoo li lawv, cov hlau uas tsis yog-ferrous yog cov khoom softer nrog cov khoom sib txawv me ntsis, lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam sib txawv.
Cov khoom ntawm cov cam khwb cia hlau suav nrog 93% hlau thiab txog 3-5% carbon, ntxiv rau cov khoom seem hauv cov khoom me me. Cov khoom no tsis tshua muaj siv rau kev tsim khoom vim nws tsis yooj yim. Nws tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm qee yam ntawm cov kav dej, cov li qub lossis li qub. Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov hlau tsim (tshaj 90%) yog ua tiav rau hauv steel.
Cov hlau tseem ceeb uas yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau yog: carbon thiab low-carbon (hardened) steel, stainless, ferrite-chromium, chromium, martensitic-chromium, chromium-vanadium, alloy, npib tsib xee, tungsten, molybdenum thiab manganese steel.
hlau ore
Nyob hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv, lub caij no ntawm lub sijhawm lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb yog muaj nyob rau hauv me me (tsuas yog 5.5%). Tab sis muaj ntau ntawm nws nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ntau yam hlau ores.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tso nyiaj (cov nyiaj khaws cia yog ntau dua 30 trillion tons) yog txheej ntawm ferruginous quartzite, uas nws muaj hnub nyoog ntau tshaj li ob txhiab xyoo. Lawv raug faib feem ntau hauv cov chaw xws li South thiab North America, Africa, Is Nrias teb thiab sab hnub poob Australia.
Dab tsi yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau
Lwm cov hlau loj, tsis zoo li yav dhau los, muaj ntau duaCov khoom muag muag, lawv muaj ntau dua, muaj thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, corrosion kuj thiab ntau lwm yam.
Non-ferrous hlau yog lub npe ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov hlau thiab lawv cov alloys, tshwj tsis yog hlau. Lawv tuaj yeem raug hu ua "cov hlau tsis muaj hlau", uas yuav ncaj ncees.
Non-ferrous hlau yog:
- kub, nyiaj, platinum (khoom kim heev);
- txhuas, titanium, magnesium, lithium, beryllium (lub teeb);
- tooj liab, tin, lead, zinc, cob alt, nickel (hnyav);
- niobium, molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, tungsten (refractory);
- indium, gallium, thallium (sib cais);
- scandium, yttrium thiab tag nrho cov lanthanides (tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb);
- radium, technetium, actinium, polonium, thorium, francium, uranium thiab transuranic ntsiab (radioactive).
History of non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous hlau yog nquag siv niaj hnub no hauv engineering, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, kev tsim kho thiab ntau qhov chaw tsim khoom. Ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom siv no txuas ntxiv nthuav dav, thiab cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis txuas ntxiv txhim kho.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, kev siv cov hlau tsis muaj hlau tau loj hlob, uas tau ua rau pom cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab cov npe. Ntau thiab ntau cov hlau tau pib siv hauv kev tsim khoom. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, txog 15 yam khoom tau siv, thiab tom qab 50 xyoo - ob zaug ntau dua. Txog niaj hnub no, ntau dua 70 cov hlau sib txawv tau siv, uas yog feem ntau ntawm cov tam sim nonto npe.
Kev loj hlob ntawm qib kev thov rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau hnyav yog vim muaj kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam tub rog loj hlob (rau kev tsim cov mos txwv), tab sis ib pab pawg ntawm cov teeb ci tau siv hauv kev lag luam aerospace.
Pab pawg neeg muaj koob muaj npe tau siv dav rau kev tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab khoom siv txij li thaum ub. Nyob rau hauv lub 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, 78% ntawm kub, 36% platinum thiab 15% nyiaj tau siv rau cov hom phiaj no. Yog tias peb coj lwm qhov chaw uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas tsis yog hlau siv, cov no yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (kub hu rau hauv cov khoom siv), kev tsim tsheb (kwv yees li 43% platinum), thiab nyiaj siv los ua cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov khoom siv yees duab.
Ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau
Txhua yam ntawm cov hlau ntawm pawg no muaj cov khoom uas txiav txim siab loj rau nws. Qhov no kuj ua rau kev siv cov hlau tsis muaj hlau hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam.
Piv txwv li, feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj lub peev xwm kub thiab thermal conductivity, uas ua rau lawv muaj peev xwm txias sai sai tom qab vuam. Nws muaj qhov tsis zoo rau qhov no: thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov hlau xws li magnesium thiab tooj liab, koj yuav tsum tau ua kom sov tam sim ntawd ua ntej vuam, thiab thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem nws tus kheej, koj yuav tsum tau siv cov cua kub muaj zog kom lawv tsis txias.
Lwm yam khoom ntiag tug yog txo cov khoom siv tshuab. Raws li qhov no, nws yuav tsum ua tib zoo ua haujlwm nrog lawv kom tsis txhob deformation.
Non-ferrous hlau nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cua sov nquagreact nrog gases. Titanium, molybdenum thiab tantalum kom meej meej qhia cov cuab yeej no.
Cov pab pawg hlau no tuaj yeem siv tau ntev, tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv cov pa oxygen, uas ua rau cov hlau puas. Ua li no, piv txwv li, cov conductors yog them nrog cov kua roj vanish. Yav dhau los, cov hlau qiv nws tus kheej rau cov txheej txheem priming hauv ob txheej.
tooj liab ores
hom ore no feem ntau nyob rau hauv qeb uas tsis yog-ferrous. Cov hlau no kuj muaj qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv: kev tsim kho, kev tsim hluav taws xob, kev tsim dav hlau, tshuaj, kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab ntau lwm yam.
Qhov chaw ntawm tooj liab tso nyiaj kuj muaj ntau haiv neeg. Niaj hnub no, qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog txuas nrog cov khoom tsis zoo (porphyrated hom), uas yog mined nyob rau hauv lub qhov cua ntawm volcanoes. Ib qho tshuaj lom neeg tau tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj kub uas tau los ntawm magma chambers. Ib tug loj cia ntawm xws li ore nyob rau hauv North thiab South America.
Lwm hom tooj liab ore yog pyrite, mined los ntawm qab hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv. Qhov chaw - thaj av hauv Urals.
Thiab lwm qhov chaw loj ntawm cov ores yog tooj liab sandstone (Chita cheeb tsam hauv Russia, Katanga hauv Africa).
Yog li, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau yog cov khoom siv tsis tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam uas nyob ib puag ncig peb.
