Xyaum txhua yam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Mendeleev tuaj yeem tsim oxides, lossis oxides - binary compounds uas muaj cov pa oxygen atoms hauv lawv cov molecules. Cov chav kawm ntawm cov inorganic tebchaw, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua ob peb pawg: yooj yim, acidic, amphoteric thiab indifferent oxides. Lub hom phiaj ntawm peb tsab xov xwm yog los kawm txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm oxides, nrog rau lawv cov kev siv tau thiab qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg.
Txoj kev tau txais
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb rau kev tau txais oxides yog kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm cov hlau lossis tsis yog hlau nrog oxygen.
H2 + O2 22O
(cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tawg)
4K + O2=2K2O
Lwm txoj hauv kev tsim oxide suav nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom nyuaj, xws li hydrocarbons. Nws xaus rau kev tsim cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej. Thaum lub sij hawm thermal decomposition ntawm dej-insoluble bases los yogntsev: carbonates, nitrates, oxides kuj tso tawm. Piv txwv ntawm cov kev tshwm sim no tau muab hauv qab no:
- Fe(OH)2=FeO+H2O hlau(II) oxide
- 2KNO3=2KNO2 + O2↑
Lub cev yam ntxwv
Lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm binary compounds ntawm oxygen nrog hlau lossis tsis yog hlau tuaj yeem sib txawv. Piv txwv li, carbon oxides, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur oxide (IV) yog gases. Cov kua yog dej, sulfuric anhydride, thiab hlau oxides yog cov khib nyiab. Lub solubility ntawm cov tebchaw kuj txawv. Cia peb muab piv txwv ntawm oxides nrog ntau qib ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog dej. Yog li, carbon dioxide dissolves nyob rau hauv dej ntawm chav tsev kub nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio ntawm 1: 1, nitric oxide (II) yog me ntsis soluble, thiab silicon dioxide yog kiag li insoluble.
Basic oxides
Yog tias ib qho molecule ntawm ib yam khoom muaj cov atoms ntawm cov hlau, nws nthuav tawm cov khoom yooj yim. Cov tshuaj yuav ua rau cov kua qaub thiab cov kua qaub oxides nrog rau dej. Piv txwv li, calcium oxide tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog perchloric acid:
2HCl + CaO=CaCl2 + H2O.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yog ntsev thiab dej nruab nrab. Yog tias tib lub calcium oxide cuam tshuam nrog carbon monoxide, ces peb tau txais ib yam khoom - ntsev.
CaO + CO2=CaCO3.
Cov khoom ntawm oxides tsim los ntawm cov hlau tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Yog li, calcium oxide, tseem hu ua quicklime lossis burnt txiv qaub, yog qhov tseem ceebraws li ib tug raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov txiv qaub slaked. Calcium hydroxide yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam raws li lub tsev mortar. Cov dej txiv qaub yog siv los ua qhov taw qhia rau muaj cov pa roj carbon dioxide molecules hauv kev daws.
Piv txwv ntawm cov oxides uas tsim cov hlau ore yog FeO thiab Fe2O3 - xim av thiab hlau nplaum hlau. Hauv qhov cub tawg, lawv raug txo nrog coke thiab carbon oxides thiab tau txais cov hlau thiab carbon hlau - cam khwb cia hlau. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nws ntxiv ua nyob rau hauv lub metallurgical kev lag luam, ntau qib ntawm steel yog smelted, nrog rau cov hlau alloy.
Reaction nrog dej ntawm oxides ntawm alkali lossis alkaline ntiaj teb hlau ua rau tsim cov alkali.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov kua qaub oxides
Oxides ntawm nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, silicon, thiab lwm yam tsim ib pab pawg neeg ntawm acidic oxides. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm oxides yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkalis, yooj yim oxides thiab dej. Cov khoom ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm potassium hydroxide thiab carbon dioxide yuav yog potassium carbonate thiab dej. Yog tias sodium puag thiab silicon dioxide hnov mob ib leeg, peb tau txais sodium silicate thiab dej.
Qee acidic oxides teb nrog dej. Cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav yog cov kua qaub (carbonic):
CO2 + H2O=H2CO
Acid oxides, piv txwv ntawm peb yuav muab hauv qab no, yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li, sulfuric anhydride SO 3 - cov kua tsis muaj xim, yog cov khoom noj rau kev tsim khoom.sulfate acid - cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj. Nitrogen tebchaw, xws li NO2, yog siv los tsim nitrate acid. Ntxiv nrog rau nitrogen dioxide, dej thiab oxygen kuj koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nitric acid, tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nitrogen oxides nrog dej, yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov mineral chiv, explosives, dyes, tshuaj, plastics, thiab lwm yam.
Amphoteric compounds
Oxides, uas suav nrog, piv txwv li, zinc lossis aluminium atoms, nthuav tawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg dual. Lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog ob qho tib si acids thiab alkalis. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov ntsev nruab nrab. Ntawm no yog ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm lub cev muaj zog ntawm qee cov amphoteric oxides, piv txwv ntawm peb yuav xav txog. Yog li, Al2O3 yog corundum, nws yog ib yam khoom uas nws melting point mus txog 2050 °. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov oxide yog ib feem ntawm alumina, thiab kuj tsim cov xim muaju, uas yog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj - rubies thiab sapphires.
Zinc oxide ZnO yog cov xim tsis muaj xim, ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1800 ° tig mus rau hauv lub xeev vapor. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua sublimation. Cov tshuaj yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, thaum nqus tau plua plav hais ua rau lom. Zinc oxide tau pom daim ntawv thov ua cov khoom siv abrasive, hauv kev tsim cov xim, tawv tawv, hauv tshuaj, hauv kev kho hniav - ua cov khoom ntim.
Nyob hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb tau kawm txog kev faib tawm ntawm oxides, lawv cov tshuaj thiab lub cev, thiabkuj muaj kev siv.
