Oxides, lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab cov khoom yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb xws li chemistry. Lawv pib kawm thawj xyoo ntawm kev kawm chemistry. Nyob rau hauv xws li sciences xws li lej, physics thiab chemistry, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog interconnected, uas yog vim li cas tsis ua hauj lwm assimilate cov ntaub ntawv entails ib tug tsis to taub cov ntsiab lus tshiab. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm oxides thiab ua kom tiav nws. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog qhov no thiab sim tham kom meej ntxiv.
Oxide yog dab tsi?
Oxides, lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab cov khoom yog qhov yuav tsum tau nkag siab ua ntej. Yog li dab tsi yog oxides? Koj puas nco qab qhov no los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm?
Oxides (los yog oxides) yog cov tshuaj complex, binary compounds, uas muaj xws li atoms ntawm ib tug electronegative element (tsawg electronegative tshaj oxygen) thiab oxygen nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm -2.
Oxides yog cov tshuaj zoo kawg nkaus hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Piv txwv ntawm cov oxide compound yog dej, xeb, qee qhov xim, xuab zeb, thiab txawm tias carbon dioxide.
Kev tsim cov oxides
Oxides tuaj yeem tau txais ntau txoj hauv kev. Kev tsim cov oxides kuj tau kawm los ntawm kev tshawb fawb xws li chemistry. Oxides, lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab cov khoom siv - yog qhov uas cov kws tshawb fawb xav paub kom nkag siab tias qhov no lossis cov oxide tau tsim li cas. Piv txwv li, lawv tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm oxygen atom (lossis atoms) nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj - qhov no yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj kev tsim tsis ncaj ntawm oxides, qhov no yog thaum oxides tsim los ntawm decomposition ntawm acids, ntsev los yog bases.
Kev faib tawm ntawm oxides
Oxides thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm nyob ntawm seb lawv tau tsim li cas. Raws li lawv cov kev faib tawm, oxides tau muab faib ua ob pawg nkaus xwb, thawj zaug yog ntsev-ua, thiab qhov thib ob yog tsis ntsev-tsim. Yog li cia wb mus saib ob pawg.
S alt-forming oxides yog ib pawg loj, uas tau muab faib ua amphoteric, acidic thiab yooj yim oxides. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ntsev-forming oxides tsim cov ntsev. Raws li txoj cai, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ntsev-forming oxides muaj xws li cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis yog hlau, uas, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej, tsim acids, tab sis thaum interacting nrog bases, tsim cov kua qaub thiab ntsev.
Non- ntsev-forming oxides yog oxides uas tsis tsim ntsev raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nitrogen thiab carbon oxides yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov oxides.
Amphoteric oxides
Oxides, lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab cov khoom yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv chemistry. S alt-forming compounds muaj xws li oxidesamphoteric.
Amphoteric oxides yog oxides uas tuaj yeem pom cov yam ntxwv yooj yim lossis acidic, nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (qhia amphotericity). Cov oxides no yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv (tooj liab, nyiaj, kub, hlau, ruthenium, tungsten, rutherfordium, titanium, yttrium, thiab lwm yam). Amphoteric oxides hnov mob nrog cov kua qaub uas muaj zog, thiab vim yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, lawv tsim cov ntsev ntawm cov kua qaub.
Acid oxides
Acid oxides lossis anhydrides yog oxides uas muaj cov kua qaub hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab tseem tsim cov kua qaub. Anhydrides yeej ib txwm tsim los ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau, nrog rau qee qhov kev hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg.
Oxides, lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab tshuaj lom neeg yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, acidic oxides muaj cov tshuaj sib txawv kiag li los ntawm amphoteric sawv daws yuav. Piv txwv li, thaum ib qho anhydride reacts nrog dej, cov kua qaub raug tsim (xws li SiO2 - silicon oxide). Anhydrides cuam tshuam nrog alkalis, thiab raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, dej thiab dej qab zib raug tso tawm. Thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog cov oxides yooj yim, ntsev yog tsim.
Basic oxides
Basic (los ntawm lo lus "base") oxides yog oxides ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm cov hlau nrog oxidation xeev ntawm +1 lossis +2. Cov no suav nrog alkali, alkaline ntiaj teb hlau, nrog rau cov tshuaj magnesium. Basic oxides txawv ntawm lwm tus nyob rau hauv uas lawvmuaj peev xwm ua rau cov kua qaub.
Basic oxides cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub, tsis zoo li cov kua qaub oxides, nrog rau cov alkalis, dej, thiab lwm yam oxides. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, raws li txoj cai, ntsev tau tsim.
Cov khoom ntawm oxides
Yog tias koj ua tib zoo kawm cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam oxides, koj tuaj yeem kos cov lus xaus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg uas cov oxides tau txais txiaj ntsig. Cov cuab yeej tshuaj lom neeg ntawm tag nrho cov oxides yog cov txheej txheem redox.
Txawm li cas los xij, txhua qhov oxides txawv ntawm ib leeg. Kev faib tawm thiab cov khoom ntawm oxides yog ob yam ntsig txog.
Tsis yog ntsev-tsim oxides thiab lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg
Tsis yog ntsev-tsim oxides yog ib pab pawg ntawm oxides uas tsis muaj kua qaub los yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm amphoteric. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov tsis muaj ntsev-tsim oxides, tsis muaj ntsev tsim. Yav dhau los, cov oxides no tau hu ua tsis yog ntsev-tsim, tab sis indifferent thiab indifferent, tab sis cov npe zoo li no tsis sib haum rau cov khoom ntawm cov tsis muaj ntsev-tsim oxides. Raws li lawv cov khoom, cov oxides no muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Tab sis muaj tsawg heev uas tsis yog ntsev-tsim oxides, lawv yog tsim los ntawm monovalent thiab divalent non-metals.
Tsis yog ntsev-tsim oxides tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus rau ntsev-ua oxides.
Nomenclature
Yuav luag txhua cov oxides feem ntau hu ua qhov no: lo lus "oxide", ua raws li lub npechemical element nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv genitive. Piv txwv li, Al2O3 yog txhuas oxide. Hauv cov lus tshuaj, cov oxide no tau nyeem zoo li no: txhuas 2 o 3. Qee cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, xws li tooj liab, tuaj yeem muaj ntau qib oxidation, raws li, cov oxides kuj yuav txawv. Ces CuO oxide yog tooj liab oxide (ob), uas yog, nrog rau oxidation degree ntawm 2, thiab Cu2O oxide yog tooj liab oxide (peb), uas muaj oxidation degree ntawm 3.
Tab sis muaj lwm lub npe ntawm oxides, uas txawv los ntawm cov pa oxygen atoms nyob rau hauv lub compound. Lub monoxide lossis monoxide yog ib qho oxide uas tsuas muaj ib lub atom oxygen xwb. Dioxides yog cov oxides uas muaj ob lub atoms oxygen, raws li qhia los ntawm lub npe "di". Trioxides yog cov oxides uas twb muaj peb oxygen atoms. Cov npe xws li monoxide, dioxide thiab trioxide yog qhov qub, tab sis feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, phau ntawv thiab lwm yam phau ntawv.
Tseem muaj cov npe tsis tseem ceeb ntawm oxides, uas yog, cov uas tau tsim keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, CO yog cov oxide lossis monoxide ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, tab sis txawm tias cov kws tshuaj feem ntau xa mus rau cov khoom no ua carbon monoxide.
Yog li, oxide yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pa nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg. Lub ntsiab kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog lawv txoj kev tsim thiab kev sib cuam tshuam yog chemistry. Oxides, lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab cov khoom yog ob peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm chemistry, tsis muaj kev nkag siab uas nws tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab txhua yam ntxiv. Oxides yog cov pa roj, minerals, thiab hmoov. Qee cov oxides tsim nyogpaub meej tsis yog tsuas yog cov kws tshawb fawb xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg zoo tib yam, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej hauv ntiaj teb no. Oxides yog lub ntsiab lus nthuav dav thiab yooj yim heev. Oxide compounds muaj ntau heev hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
