Cov oxides siab dua: kev faib tawm, qauv thiab lawv cov khoom

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 17:48

Txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau ntsib nrog lub tswvyim ntawm "oxide" hauv kev qhia chemistry. Los ntawm lo lus no ib leeg, cov khoom pib zoo li ib yam dab tsi indescribably txaus ntshai. Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees lawm ntawm no. Cov oxides siab dua yog cov khoom uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom yooj yim nrog cov pa oxygen (hauv lub xeev oxidation -2). Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias lawv teb nrog:

• O₂ (oxygen), yog tias lub caij tsis nyob hauv CO siab tshaj. Piv txwv li, SO₂ reacts nrog oxygen (vim CO yog +4), tab sis SO_{3 - tsis (vim nws raug nqi ntau tshaj oxidation. xeev +6).}
• H_{2 (hydrogen) thiab C (carbon). Tsuas yog qee qhov oxides teb.}
• Dej yog soluble alkali lossis acid tau.

Txhua oxides hnov mob nrog ntsev thiab tsis yog hlau (tshwj tsis yog rau cov khoom saum toj no).

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qee yam tshuaj (piv txwv li, nitric oxide, hlau oxide thiab chlorine oxide) muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv, uas yog, lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj yuav txawv ntawm lwm yam tshuaj.

Kev faib tawm ntawm oxides

Lawv muab faib ua ob ceg: cov uas ua tau ntsev, thiab cov uaslawv tsim tsis tau.

Piv txwv ntawm cov qauv rau cov oxides siab dua uas tsis tsim cov ntsev: TSIS MUAJ (nitric oxide yog bivalent; cov pa roj tsis muaj xim tsim thaum muaj cua daj cua dub), CO (carbon monoxide), N ₂ O (nitric oxide monovalent), SiO (silicon oxide), S_{2O (sulfur oxide), dej.}

Cov tebchaw no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov hauv paus, acids thiab ntsev-forming oxides. Tab sis thaum cov tshuaj no tshwm sim, ntsev yeej tsis tsim. Piv txwv li:

CO (carbon monoxide) + NaOH (sodium hydroxide)=HCOONa (sodium formate)

S alt-forming oxides muab faib ua peb hom: acidic, puag thiab amphoteric oxides.

Acid oxides

Acidic ntau dua oxide yog ntsev-tsim oxide uas sib haum rau cov kua qaub. Piv txwv li, hexavalent sulfur oxide (SO₃) muaj cov tshuaj sib txuas - H₂SO_{4. Cov ntsiab lus no cuam tshuam nrog yooj yim thiab amphoteric oxides, hauv paus thiab dej. Cov ntsev los yog kua qaub yog tsim.}

1. Nrog alkaline oxides: CO₂ (carbon dioxide) + MgO (magnesium oxide)=MgCO_{3 (ntsev iab).}
2. Nrog amphoteric oxides: P_2O5 _{(phosphorus oxide)+ Al}2 _O3 _{(aluminium oxide)=2AlPO}4 _{(aluminium phosphate los yog orthophosphate).}
3. With bases (alkalis): CO₂ (carbon dioxide) + 2NaOH (caustic soda)=Na₂CO 3 _{(sodium carbonate lossis soda tshauv) + H}2_{O (dej).}
4. Nrog dej: CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) +H₂O=H₂CO_{3 (carbonic acid, tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tam sim ntawd decomposes rau hauv carbon dioxide thiab dej).}

Acid oxides tsis ua rau ib leeg.

Basic oxides

Basic siab dua oxide yog ntsev-tsim hlau oxide, uas sib haum rau lub hauv paus. Calcium oxide (CaO) sib raug rau calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). Cov tshuaj no cuam tshuam nrog acidic thiab amphoteric oxides, acids (xws li H₂SiO_{3, vim silicic acid yog insoluble) thiab dej.}

1. Nrog acidic oxides: CaO (calcium oxide) + CO₂ (carbon dioxide)=CaCO_{3 (calcium carbonate lossis chalk zoo tib yam).}
2. Nrog amphoteric oxide: CaO (calcium oxide) + Al₂O₃ (aluminium oxide)=Ca(AlO ₂)_{2 (calcium aluminate).}
3. Nrog acids: CaO (calcium oxide) + H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid)=CaSO₄ (calcium sulfate lossis gypsum) + H_2O.
4. Nrog dej: CaO (calcium oxide) + H₂O=Ca(OH)_{2 (calcium hydroxide lossis txiv qaub slaking reaction).}

Tsis txhob sib cuam tshuam.

Amphoteric oxides

Amphoteric siab dua oxide yog cov oxide ntawm amphoteric hlau. Nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej, nws tuaj yeem qhia tau yooj yim lossis acidic zog. Piv txwv li, cov qauv ntawm cov oxides siab dua uas nthuav tawm cov khoom amphoteric: ZnO (zinc oxide), Al₂O_{3 (alumina). React amphotericoxides nrog alkalis, acids (tseem tsis suav nrog silicic acid), yooj yim thiab acidic oxides.}

1. With bases: ZnO (zinc oxide) + 2NaOH (sodium base)=Na₂ZnO₂ (ob npaug ntsev ntawm zinc thiab sodium) + H_2O.
2. Nrog acids: Al₂O₃ (aluminium oxide) + 6HCl (hydrochloric acid)=2AlCl₃ (aluminium chloride lossis aluminium chloride) + 3H _2O.
3. Nrog acidic oxides: Al₂O₃ (aluminium oxide) + 3SO₃ (hexavalent sulfur oxide)=Al₂(SO₄)_{3 (aluminium alum).}
4. Nrog cov oxides yooj yim: Al₂O₃ (aluminium oxide) + Na₂O (sodium oxide)=2NaAlO_{2 (sodium aluminate).}

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm amphoteric oxides siab dua tsis cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg thiab nrog dej.