Cov saw hlau trophic yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm ntau yam macro- thiab micro-kab mob los ntawm kev hloov pauv lub zog thiab teeb meem hauv ecosystems. Tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab cov kab mob microscopic yog ze ze rau ib leeg ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "khoom noj khoom haus - neeg siv khoom".
Basic definitions
Cov khoom noj khoom haus yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov ecosystem. Qhov no yog cov khoom noj khoom haus. Nws qhia tau hais tias ib qho kab rov tav ib ntu ntawm kev pom. Qhov no qhia txog kev txav mus los hauv ecosystem hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev pub mis biochemical zog thiab organic tshuaj. Piv txwv li: nyom - hare - hma - kab mob. Raws li txoj cai, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm trophic pyramid yog tus tsiaj loj. Lo lus no nws tus kheej yog derivative ntawm Greek lo lus "trophy", uas txhais tau tias "khoom noj". Ua ntej nkag siab tias cov khoom noj khoom haus yog dab tsi, koj yuav tsum xav txog cov ntsiab lus xws li cov neeg tsim khoom, cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov decomposers.
Producers
Cov neeg tsim khoom raug hu ua pab pawgCov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm ua kom cov organic complex ntawm cov ntxhia sib txuas. Cov no suav nrog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, autotrophs. Cov no yog cov nroj tsuag thiab microscopic algae uas muaj peev xwm hloov lub hnub ci sab nraud rau hauv biochemical zog los ntawm photosynthesis. Nws accumulates hauv hlwb thiab koom nrog hauv cov metabolism. Hauv ecosystems, piv txwv ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom yog ferns, mosses, gymnosperms thiab paj ntoo. Hauv dej hiav txwv, nws yog plankton. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntsuab algae yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm tag nrho cov dej ecosystems.
Cov neeg siv khoom
Cov neeg siv khoom yog ntau hom kab mob uas pub tshwj xeeb rau cov organic teeb meem, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom. Hauv ib qho ecosystem, heterotrophs hu ua cov neeg siv khoom. Nws tuaj yeem yog carnivores thiab herbivores, kab. Distinguishes cov neeg siv khoom ntawm ib qho kev txiav txim sib txawv. Qhov kev faib no yog ua raws li txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Cov neeg siv khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib 1 suav nrog cov tsiaj txhu, kab thiab noog. Piv txwv li, cov saw zaub mov hauv hav zoov yuav suav nrog hare, nas, roe mos lwj, elk. Tag nrho cov tsiaj no yog cov neeg siv khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib 1. Lawv qhov txawv feature yog tias lawv noj cov neeg tsim khoom, uas yog, cov nroj tsuag. Cov no feem ntau yog nas, ungulates, nab, lizards thiab ntau yam amphibians, nrog rau kab, ntses, noog me.
Cov neeg siv khoom thib 2 thiab tom qab xaj yog cov tsiaj txhu tshwj xeeb. Lawv tsim lawv cov proteins los ntawm cov khoom siv organic ntawm tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag keeb kwm. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog bears, tsev neeg canine,felines, loj noog ntawm prey, tsiaj reptiles thiab nab. Nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv ecosystem, lub niche no yog nyob ntawm whales thiab dolphins.
Decomposers
Decomposers yog cov kab mob uas siv cov organic residues. Cov no yog cov kab mob thiab cov fungi. Lawv nyob hauv av thiab qhib cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lwj. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus decomposers yog lo lus "destructors". Tam sim no, bacteriophages kuj tau ntxiv rau pawg no.
hom khoom noj tseem ceeb
Tsuas muaj ob hom khoom noj tseem ceeb: detrital thiab pasture. Lawv muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Cov saw zaub mov pasture (los yog grazing saw) yog tsim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau pawg nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab saprophytes. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob autotrophic. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov no yog cov nroj tsuag. Tom qab ntawd muaj herbivores. Piv txwv li, ungulates los yog nas. Hauv dej hiav txwv thiab hiav txwv, nws tuaj yeem ua zooplankton. Thiab thaum kawg, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus yog predators ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib 2. Cov no yog hom tsiaj uas tsis yos hav zoov. Piv txwv li, bears, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg miv, noog ntawm prey. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntev pasture zaub mov chains nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv. Ntawm no, cov neeg siv khoom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib 6 thiab 7 tau pom.
Detrital food chains yog raws li cov txheej txheem decomposition. Lawv ib txwm koom nrog fungi lossis saprophytic microorganisms.
Detrital food chains
Cov saw hlau zoo li no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv hav zoov thiab qhov chaw feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis ncaj qha noj los ntawm herbivorestsiaj txhu. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, nws ploj mus. Nws yog ua los ntawm microscopic fungi thiab kab mob, uas yog hu ua saprophytes. Tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus detrital ib txwm pib nrog detritus. Lawv txuas ntxiv los ntawm cov kab mob microorganisms uas rhuav tshem thiab siv lawv. Tom qab ntawd tuaj detritivores thiab lawv cov neeg siv khoom - hom predatory. Nyob rau hauv cov ecosystems ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv loj depths, detrital chains kuj predominate. Ntawm no cov xwm txheej tau tsim nyob rau hauv uas ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm predators tsis ciaj sia, yog li ntawd microorganisms coj lawv qhov chaw.
Trophic theem
Cov saw hlau trophic muaj ntau qib. Cov kev sib txuas no tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim hauv txhua qhov ecosystem ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Thawj theem yog ib txwm sawv cev los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom. Qhov thib ob - cov neeg siv khoom ntawm kev txiav txim sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv luv luv chains, raws li txoj cai, muaj peb txuas, nyob rau hauv ntev chains lawv tus naj npawb tsis txwv. Tab sis qhov kawg yuav ib txwm yog cov kab mob thiab cov fungi. Txhua yam khoom noj khoom haus trophic xaus nrog decomposers. Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam ecosystems yog kev siv cov organic teeb meem rau cov ntxhia sib txuas. Cov khoom noj uas ntev tshaj plaws tsim nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv thiab hiav txwv. Qhov luv tshaj ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv hav zoov thiab meadows. Xws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov qib trophic txuas ntxiv ua cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom paub meej tias cov khoom noj khoom haus tsis tas yuav ua tiav. Tej zaum nws yuav plam qee qhov txuas. Qee zaum lawv "poob" rau ib qho laj thawj lossis lwm qhov. Ua ntej, tsis yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv cov saw muaj cov nroj tsuag - producers. Lawv tsis tuaj nyob hauv cov zej zog uas tau tsim los ntawm kev lwj ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab (lossis)tsiaj seem. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm qhov no yog litter ntawm nplooj ntoo hauv hav zoov. Qhov thib ob, heterotrophs, uas yog, tsiaj txhu, tej zaum yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv trophic chains. Los yog tej zaum lawv yuav tsawg. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tib lub hav zoov, poob txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab ceg, bypassing neeg siv, tam sim ntawd pib decompose. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov producers tam sim ntawd ua raws li cov decomposers. Hauv txhua qhov ecosystem, trophic chains yog tsim raws li ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Raws li qee qhov kev cuam tshuam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau ntawm ib tus neeg, cov saw no tuaj yeem nce lossis, raws li nws tshwm sim ntau zaus, raug txo vim qhov ploj ntawm qee qhov txuas.
Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus
Cov saw hlau trophic, nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg qhov txuas nws muaj, tuaj yeem yooj yim thiab ntau theem. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov saw yooj yooj yim, uas muaj cov neeg tsim khoom, cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov decomposers, yuav zoo li no: aspen - beaver - kab mob.
Cov khoom noj khoom haus complex muaj ntau qhov txuas. Tab sis feem ntau lawv tus lej tsis tshaj 6-7 hauv cov ecosystems uas twb muaj lawm. Xws li cov chains ntev tuaj yeem pom hauv hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv qhov seem ntawm cov ecosystems tiag tiag, feem ntau muaj 5 qhov txuas. Muaj ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas sau cov khoom noj khoom haus rau ntau qhov chaw:
1. Algae - roach - perch - burbot - kab mob.
2. Plankton - coral - pomegranate ntses - dawb shark - kab mob.
3. Nyias - nas - qav - twb - falcon.
Cov no yog tag nrho cov piv txwv ntawm cov saw saw ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg. Tab sis muaj lwm hom kev sib raug zoo thiab. Piv txwv li, chainskab mob. Lawv zoo li no: nyom - nyuj - tapeworm - kab mob. Qee zaum cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem poob ntawm cov saw: currant - powdery mildew fungus - phage. Cov saw zaub mov grazing txawv ntawm tus kab mob parasitic nyob rau hauv uas qhov luaj li cas ntawm predators nyob rau hauv lawv nce raws li theem ntawm kev sib txuas ib theem zuj zus. Tab sis saprophytes tseem nyob hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm decomposers hauv ob qho tib si. Detrital chains saib txawv me ntsis: nplooj litter - microscopic pwm fungi - kab mob.
