Tig 'muaj' / 'muaj / muaj', …/ (ntxiv rau hauv cov ntawv hauv cov piv txwv cov ntawv luv - "THR" yog siv) yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm saib cov qauv sau ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li ntau lwm qhov sib txawv hauv lus Askiv, nws yog siv tsis tu ncua hauv kev hais lus. Nws tuaj yeem siv sib npaug ntawm kev hais lus thiab sau ntawv, ob qho tib si hauv qhov chaw tsis raug cai thiab hauv kev sib txuas lus raug cai.
Kev siv qhov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog ntau qhov yuam kev semantic thiab grammatical, xws li semantic ones: kev txheeb xyuas nrog cov kab lus tsis yog tus kheej 'nws yog …', lossis cov lus qhia / muaj /; grammatical: siv tsis raug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus qhia 'be', ntxiv cov lus qhuas rau cov lus qhia, thiab lwm yam.
Vs. 'muaj/muaj'
Qhov txawv ntawm 'muaj / muaj' thiab 'muaj'?
'Muaj' feem ntau yog cov lus qhia ntawm qhov chaw, teb cov lus nug "Qhov twg?", "Qhov twg?", piv txwv li:
Koj puas nyob ntawd?/ Koj puas nyob ntawd?
Phau ntawv muaj nyob rau ntawm lub rooj / Phau ntawv nyob rau ntawm lub rooj.
Hauv qhov no, nws tau txais cov lus hais lus, vim nwsqhia txog lub ntsiab "intrigue" ntawm nqe lus.
Txawm li cas los xij, 'muaj' tuaj yeem ua raws li kev txheeb ze, thiab tsis yog qhov qhia txog qhov chaw. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws dhau los ua ib lub npe uas yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov kev kawm, thaum lub ntsiab lus yog nyob ntawm qhov khoom ntawm qhov predicate. Cov ntsiab lus semantic tuaj yeem hloov pauv ntawm 'THR' yam tsis muaj kev ntxub ntxaug rau cov qauv sau ntawv thiab lub ntsiab lus dav dav. Qhov tsuas yog qhov uas qee qhov kev sib txuas lus semantic yuav ploj mus. Nyob rau hauv no lem, lub pronoun 'THR' yog tsis stressed thiab yog pronounced casually.
Yog li, /THR yog / THR yog / yog siv los qhia cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab tsom ntsoov rau nws.
Vs.'nws yog'
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm kab lus 'muaj / muaj' thiab cov lus tshaj tawm 'nws' hauv kab lus tsis yog tus kheej 'nws yog'? Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum xav txog luv luv lub ntsiab lus thiab rheme. Ib lub ntsiab lus yog qhov keeb kwm yav dhau los uas tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb; rheme yog lo lus tseem ceeb (lus) uas ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab, uas tau hais txog. 'nws' yog tus neeg sawv cev tsis tseeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tsis muaj nyob, lossis ib qho uas muaj nyob hauv qhov chaw hauv lub ntsiab lus, thiab cov lus hais ntawm no yog qhov tshwm sim rau nws, lossis lub xeev nws nyob hauv, dab tsi nws muaj. Whereas 'THR' yog cov ntsiab lus "cua ceeb toom", uas yog semantically (logically) sib npaug rau cov predicate's complement, thiab rheme yog, raws li txoj cai, ib tug neeg los yog ib yam dab tsi. Ntawd yog, kev tsom mus rau qhov muaj nyob, muaj, kab tias tus lej.
Tsis siv nrog Nruam, tus kheej pronouns ua ib yam khoom thiab hauv lub suab passive (Passive V.)
Qhov tseeb, kab lus 'muaj / muaj' hauv lus Askiv yog cov lus piv txwv ntawm 'smth yog', 'ntau yog', qhov twg cov lus qhia 'be' tshwm hauv nws lub ntsiab lus semantic - "kom muaj chaw. ", "to be", "to be", "to be present", "to exist", "to be". Tias yog vim li cas nws tsis yog siv nrog kev tsim kho ntawm Pawg Nruam nam (raws li, Perfect Continuous), thiab nrog lub suab passive. Rau tib lub laj thawj, nws tsis yog kev cai siv nws nrog tus kheej pronouns - nws yuav suab zoo li / THR yog kuv / kuv yog /, / THR yog lawv / Lawv yog /, uas yog twb implied, thiab yog li ntawd tsis nqa lub hauv paus tshiab. ntaub ntawv, thiab yog semanically meaningless.
Siv txoj cai rau 'muaj / muaj'
Nws ua raws li kev tsim kho tuaj yeem siv nrog:
- npe nrog cov lus nyob;
- tus lej;
- indefinite pronouns.
Nyob hauv kev tsim kho hauv qab no (tsuas yog hauv lub suab nrov):
- hauv tag nrho plaub lub sijhawm;
- nyob rau hauv indefinite thiab zoo meej yam.
Cov ntsiab lus txheeb ze 'Muaj' tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim kho lub sijhawm sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws feem ntau yog hu ua 'muaj / muaj' kom luv lub sijhawm. Txoj kev tsim kho rau txhua qhov kev tsim kho yog raws li hauv qab no: lub npe 'Muaj' qhib kab lus. Nws yog ua raws li cov lus qhia pabcuam 'be' hauv ib qho ntawmlawv cov ntaub ntawv, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej; lub auxiliary verb yog ua raws li lub npe nrog cov lus nyob (yog tias muaj), i.e. pawg noun.
THR yog ua haujlwm kom tiav.
THR yuav yog tog hmo no /
THR tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj / Tsis muaj kev phom sij.
THR tau ob lub xov tooj
Kev hloov pauv 'muaj / muaj' hauv cov lus thiab ntau ntau
Thaum pab pawg noun tom qab cov lus qhia nyob hauv ntau qhov ntau, koj yuav tsum siv ntau daim ntawv ntawm cov lus qhia:
THR muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau qhov no /
THR yog ob tug txiv neej hauv chav
Peb kuj tseem siv ntau qhov lus qhia ua ntej kab lus qhia txog cov lus txheeb ze, xws li 'tus lej (ntawm) / ib tus lej', 'ntau (ntawm)' / ntau, 'ob peb (ntawm) / ob peb':
THR tau ntau tus neeg mus pw hav zoov.
THR tsuas yog ob peb sab laug /
Yog hais tias lub npe nyob rau hauv pab pawg yog nyob rau hauv cov lus los yog nws yog uncountable, ces tus verb yog siv nyob rau hauv tib daim ntawv, ntsig txog:
THR yog ib qho uas peb yuav tsum tau ntxiv ntawm no.
THR tsis txaus chav nyob ntawm no.
Cov lus qhia ib leeg kuj muab yog tias kab lusob peb yam khoom los yog cov neeg tau hais, tab sis thawj lub npe tom qab cov lus qhia yog nyob rau hauv cov lus. tus lej, lossis suav tsis tau:
THR yog txiv neej thiab poj niam
THR yog lub rooj zaum thiab ob lub rooj zaum
Kev siv
Turnaround 'muaj' ('muaj / muaj', …) peb siv thaum peb hais:
- Hais txog lub neej los yog muaj neeg, khoom:
THR yog ob tus neeg uas yuav paub tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim.
- Hais txog tej yam uas tshwm sim:
THR yog lub rooj sib tham txhua lub lim tiam
THR yog kev sib ntaus sib tua
- Hais txog tus lej lossis ntau:
THR yog plaub caug ntawm peb, kuv xav tias
Modal verbs
Cov kab lus 'muaj / muaj' tuaj yeem suav nrog cov lus qhia ua raws li 'be', 'have' (tshaj rau yav tom ntej thiab yav tom ntej yav dhau los):
THR tuaj yeem yog qhov teeb meem
THR yuav tsum yog kev hloov hauv tsoomfwv.
THR tsis tuaj yeem yog tus neeg sab nraud.
THR yuav tsum muaj qee qhov yuam kev.
Abbreviations
Tig 'muaj / muaj' hauv lus Askiv hauv kev hais lus lossis qhov xwm txheej tsis raug tso cai tso cai rau kev cog lus ntawm cov lus qhia 'be' lossis cov lus qhia modal thiabadjoining nws mus rau 'muaj' los ntawm apostrophe ("'s" - 'yog' lossis 'muaj', "'re" 'yog', "'ll" - 'yuav' lossis 'yuav', "'ve" - 'muaj', "'d" - 'muaj', 'yuav tsum' lossis 'yuav'):
THR tsis muaj kev phom sij
THR yuav yog lub neej yav tom ntej rau suab paj nruag
Kuv paub THR yuav teeb meem.
THR tau tshawb fawb ntau heev rau nws.
Kuv tseem tsis tau paub THR tau tua neeg.
'Tshwj xeeb yog'
Tshwj xeeb, ntxiv rau cov lus qhia muaj nyob hauv 'be' - uas yog, muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm "yuav tsum tau", "yuav tshwm sim", - qhov tsis paub meej "nws zoo li yog qhov chaw", " nws zoo li tau tshwm sim …
THR zoo nkaus li muaj ntau qhov tsis meej pem ntawm qhov no.
THR zoo li muaj qee qhov tsis saib xyuas.
