Cov pob zeb nyob qhov twg? Cov lus dab tsi lawv nqa los ntawm yav dhau los prehistoric, thiab leej twg tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws? Muaj pes tsawg tus kws tshawb fawb kawm hauv ntiaj teb? Dab tsi soles yog zais rau hauv nws? Dab tsi yog wrinkles uas tsis tuaj yeem ironed tawm?
Geology khaws ntau cov lus nug zoo kawg thiab cov lus teb zoo dua rau lawv. Leej twg paub tseeb tias nws lub tsev yuav tsis staggered thiab "loj" nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tej zaum yuav tsis nyiam pob zeb.
Tab sis roob twg? Thiab lawv pw qhov twg?
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm pob zeb yog hu ua qhov chaw, cov duab thiab kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg ntawm cov lus qhia meej meej meej ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub pob zeb. Ntxiv mus, lawv yog tsim los ntawm ib tug (los yog ze) yug me nyuam ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab muaj hnub nyoog zoo sib xws.
Lawv qhov chaw nyob ze rau lub dav hlau qab ntug, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab lawv txuas nrog lwm cov pob zeb nyob ib puag ncig tau muab rau hauv tus account.
Sedimentary thiab qee lub roob hluav taws muajtxheej txheej ntawm pob zeb tsim. Thawj qhov tshwm sim ntawm no yog maj mam nqes. Tab sis ntau yam txheej txheem hauv lub ntiaj teb crust hloov thiab cuam tshuam nws.
Dab tsi yog qhov nthuav txog pob zeb? Lawv cov ntawv tshwm sim muaj ntau heev. Raws li lawv, cov kws tshawb fawb rov tsim cov duab ntawm thaj chaw thiab thaj chaw yav dhau los ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb.
Pob zeb yog cov xa xov yav dhau los
Paleography yog kev kawm txog cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov xwm txheej, uas txawv ntawm cov geological feem ntau thaum ub.
Qhov kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb no tshawb txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov xwm txheej thiab cov qauv ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm pob zeb, tshuaj xyuas cov xwm txheej ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog, thiab cov khoom seem ntawm cov kab mob uas pom hauv lawv mus rau kev tshawb fawb paleoecological.
Palaeographers suav nrog ob qho tib si paleographic thiab lithofacies maps. Subdivisions ntawm paleography yog paleoecology, paleobiogeography, paleoclimatology. Nws muaj ob peb txoj kev qhia ntxiv:
- terrigenous-mineralogical,
- geochemical,
- paleotectonic,
- paleondrological,
- paleogeomorphological,
- paleovolcanological,
- paleomagnetic thiab lwm yam.
roob tsuas yog zoo dua… roob zoo kawm
Pob zeb tshwm sim, cov duab, hom thiab hom yog qhov kev kawm ntawm ntau lwm yam kev qhuab qhia ntawm geology.
| Npe ntawm kev qhuab qhia | Yuav ua li cas yog lawv kawm |
| Geology thiabPlanetology, paleography thiab paleoecology | Lub ntiaj teb tag nrho thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws. Keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb. |
| Volcanology thiab stratigraphy, geotectonics thiab seismology, geochemistry thiab regional geology, dynamic geology thiab petrology, engineering geology thiab petrography, mineralogy thiab lithology | Tiag tiag lub ntiaj teb crust (firmament ntawm lub ntiaj teb) - cov khoom sab nrauv ntawm lithosphere, lub plhaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb. |
Thiab yog tias koj xav tias cov roj av, roj thiab dej txawm tias qhov dav tshaj plaws kuj suav tias yog pob zeb, ces daim ntawv teev npe no tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus ntev.
Qhov twg yog thawj thiab qhov twg yog qhov thib ob?
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm pob zeb suav nrog cov uas tau tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov pob zeb tshwj xeeb no. Thiab cov thib ob yog cov tsim los ntawm deformation uas cov thawj coj tau raug rau lub sijhawm.
Daim ntawv thib ob ntawm qhov tshwm sim yog hu ua dislocation. Lawv yog dab tsi - inseparable (folded) los yog discontinuous - nyob ntawm seb hom tectonic influences lub pob zeb tau undergone.
Thawj yog txheej - lub cev tiaj tus ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary. Lawv feem ntau txawv ntawm ib cheeb tsam loj uas txuas mus rau kab rov tav rau kaum ntawm meters lossis txawm kilometers. Lawv qhov tsos yog feem ntau tsis raug. Qee cov khaubncaws sab nraud qee zaum ua thinner thiab ploj tag nrho, lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ua tuab dua.
Kawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm pob zeb, lawv hu qhov chaw ntawm thinning ntawm txheej "pinching" yog tias nws rov mus txog qhov qub lossis loj. Yog hais tias lub stratification thins mus rau lub point ntawm tag nrho ploj, daim ntawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim yog hu ua "wedging out".
Lenticular tshwm sim (tsuas yog - lub lens) tshwm sim yog tias txheej txheej yog wedged ntawm qhov deb me me ntawm nws qhov chaw. Tseem muaj interlayers (thickness - me, abundance - loj heev), interlayers (proliferation - txwv, thickness - me).
Vim raws nraim li lawv tsim, thawj qhov tshwm sim tau muab faib ua:
- dub (lub npe thib ob yog intrusive) - cov no suav nrog sills thiab batholiths, lopolites thiab stocks, laccoliths thiab dikes;
- outflow (lossis effusive) yog extrusion, nrog rau npog thiab ntws.
Los ntawm qhov tshwm sim, pob zeb tuaj yeem yog:
- kab rov tav,
- monocline,
- pleated.
Lub ntiaj teb crust, uas yog nws sab sauv, yog tsim los ntawm txheej txheej ntawm sedimentary keeb kwm, uas tau muab tso rau hauv dej ntev heev.
Qhov chaw uas lawv khaws tau ntau dhau ntawm kab rov tav hauv qab ntawm lub pas dej thiab dej hiav txwv ntawm qub txeeg qub teg. Yog li ntawd, thaum cov pob zeb sedimentary ntawm hom thawj yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim, nws tau hais tias yog kab rov tav.
Sijhawm thiab kev ua tectonic coj lawv tus xov tooj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw lossis lwm qhov, cov txheej pob zeb sedimentary qaij nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia.
Yog tias cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, thiab qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lawv loj txaus,lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination yog dav dav thiab lawv tsis rov ua dua hauv ntu; Tom qab ntawd peb tab tom tham txog kev cuam tshuam monoclinal tshwm sim.
Cov crease no tsis tuaj yeem ironed tawm
Qee lub sij hawm tus tsiaj zoo li wrinkled nrog cov yam ntxwv folds. Xws li cov yas deformation ntawm cov strata qhia tias muaj qhov sib dhos ntawm qhov tshwm sim.
Xaiv ntau lub ntsiab lus pleat:
- vault (aka castle),
- tis,
- angle.
Kev faib tawm morphological ntawm folds yog raws li:
- ntawm lub xauv;
- ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm axial nto ntawm lub quav;
- ntawm qhov piv ntawm tis rau ib leeg;
- ntawm qhov piv ntawm qhov dav thiab qhov ntev ntawm qhov quav.
Diapiric folds sawv hauv txoj kev tshwj xeeb. Lawv tau txais thaum cov khoom yas tau muab tso rau hauv cov pob zeb denser uas nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Cov piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm lawv yog av nplaum diapirs thiab ntsev domes.
Raws li nws hom, folding tuaj yeem yog:
- full,
- nruab nrab,
- interim.
Geological maps qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov quav. Hauv cov platforms lawv feem ntau yog domed. Kuj tseem muaj folds uas ntev thiab elongated, ncaj, inclined, overturned, recumbent, dhia dej. Raws li lub kaum sab xis, lawv muab faib ua blunt, ntse, kiv cua zoo li, stamped.
Lub zog sib npaug ntawm qhov deb ntawm ib leeg mus rau lub ru tsev
Cov mis no yog siv los nrhiav cov nqi tseem ceeb xws li cov dej ntim dej.
Sedimentary pob zeb muab faib uacov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm qhov hu ua txaj saum npoo. Qhov qis dua yog ib sab, thiab sab sauv yog lub ru tsev ntawm kev tsim. Raws li (yog hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm pob zeb txheej yog suav hais tias yog nyob rau hauv pob), lub ru tsev ntawm lub qis ib tug pab raws li ib tug sab sauv.
Qhov kev ncua deb (tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws) nruab nrab ntawm lawv yuav tsuas yog qhov tuab ntawm lub reservoir.
Tim pob zeb tshwm sim
Pob zeb, hu ua sedimentary, yog tsim nyob rau hauv qab nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav kev taw qhia los yog nrog ib tug me ntsis nqes hav. Thiab txhua txheej sab sauv yuav yau dua ib qho uas nyob hauv qab nws. Yog tias qhov xwm txheej nrog nag lossis daus yog qhov ruaj khov, qhov chaw stratified yuav nyob rau tib lub sijhawm (raws li cov ntsiab lus - raws li). Hauv qhov no, qhov kev txiav yog sawv cev los ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.
Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tej zaum yuav muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm txheej. Nws yog hu ua parallel lossis stratigraphic thiab kho yog tias cov strata yog keeb kwm tsis sib haum. Qhov tshwm sim no tshwm sim thaum lub ntiaj teb crust oscillates.
Angular thiab tectonic unconformity kuj yog ua txhaum ntawm cov thawj txaj. Hauv thawj kis, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov hnub nyoog sib txawv tsis txawv ntawm ib qho kev coj.
Txhua yam kev tsis sib haum xeeb muab cov ciam teb erosional sib cais cov pob zeb ntawm cov hnub nyoog sib txawv.
Kev kawm pob zeb tseem ceeb rau yav tom ntej
Nyob hauv engineering geology, qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog txuas nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov sib lawv liag ntawm pob zeb.
Thaumkev tsim kho, qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws yog xaiv, uas yog cov uas cov pob zeb nyob horizontally. Lub cim zoo kuj tseem suav tias yog qhov loj ntawm cov txheej thiab ib homogeneous muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pob zeb yog ntshaw.
Yog cov qauv thiab cov tsev muaj lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv ib qho av homogeneous, ces qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv yuav tsim ib tug uniform compressibility ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Raws li, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub tsev nce.
Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm dislocation (uas yog, ib tug thib ob daim ntawv ntawm pob zeb deposits), lub uniformity ntawm tag nrho cov av ntawm lub hauv paus yuav feem ntau yuav ua txhaum. Qhov no yuav nyuaj heev rau kev tsim kho.
Yog li qhov nqaim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm pob zeb thiab, tshwj xeeb, lawv qhov tshwm sim hauv qab tus neeg ko taw, tsuas yog pom meej. Qhov tseeb, tsis yog rau geologists xwb, tab sis kuj rau txhua tus neeg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau taug kev hauv av, yuav ua li cas rau yav tom ntej. Nws kuj tseem ceeb ntawm lub hauv paus twg los tsim lub tsev kom nws nyob ruaj khov rau ntau xyoo.
