Nyob hauv lub pliaj hauv pliaj yog yuav luag tag nrho lub sij hawm. Cov tshuaj lom neeg tsim cov tebchaw sib xyaw ua ke uas tsim cov ntxhia hauv ntuj. Ib los yog ntau yam minerals yuav suav nrog hauv cov pob zeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav sim daws nrog lawv ntau haiv neeg, khoom thiab lub ntsiab lus.
pob zeb yog dab tsi
Thawj zaug lo lus no tau siv los ntawm peb tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias Severgin hauv xyoo 1978. Cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem muab tau raws li hauv qab no: pob zeb yog kev sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv ib qho tag nrho ntawm ntau cov zaub mov ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, uas muaj cov qauv tsis tu ncua thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Pob zeb tuaj yeem pom nyob txhua qhov chaw, vim lawv yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust.
Yog koj kawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm pob zeb, ces lawv txhua tus txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv:
- Density.
- Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
- xim.
- Txoj kev.
- Resistant rau qhov txias txias.
- Zoo zoo nkauj.
Nyob ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom zoo, lawv siv.
Rock ntau haiv neeg
Kev faib cov pob zeb rau hauv ntau hom yog ua raws cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov ntxhia. Lub npe ntawm cov pob zeb tau muab rau hauvnyob ntawm lawv keeb kwm. Xav txog cov pab pawg twg lawv muab faib ua. Ib qho kev faib tawm yuav zoo li qhov no.
1. Sedimentary pob zeb:
- clastic pob zeb;
- organogenic;
- chemogenic;
- mixed.
2. Igneous:
- volcanic;
- plutonic;
- hypabyssal.
3. Metamorphic:
Isochemical;
Tom ntej no, xav paub ntau ntxiv txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsiaj no.
pob zeb sedimentary
Txhua pob zeb, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam thiab cov txheej txheem sab nraud, tuaj yeem deformed, hloov lawv cov duab. Lawv pib tawg, tawg tawg, lawv tuaj yeem tso rau hauv qab hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv. Yog li ntawd, cov pob zeb sedimentary tau tsim.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kev faib cov pob zeb ntawm cov hauv paus chiv keeb, vim lawv feem ntau tau tsim los ntawm ntau tus txheej txheem, thiab yog li nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem muab lawv rau ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb. Tam sim no, hom no tau muab faib ua:
- Clastic pob zeb. Muaj cov piv txwv sib txawv: pob zeb lossis pob zeb crushed, xuab zeb thiab av nplaum, thiab ntau lwm yam uas paub txog txhua tus.
- organogenic.
- YChemogenic.
Cia peb nyob me ntsis ntxiv ntawm txhua hom tsiaj.
Clastic pob zeb
Lawv tshwm los ntawm kev tsim cov khib nyiab. Yog peb faib lawv nrogcoj mus rau hauv tus account lawv cov qauv, lawv paub qhov txawv:
- Cemented pob zeb.
- Tsis cemented.
thawj ntau yam muaj cov khoom sib txuas hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm carbonates, av nplaum. Qhov thib ob ntau yam tsis muaj cov tshuaj no, yog li nws muaj cov qauv xoob.
Nws tuaj yeem paub meej ntxiv tias cov pob zeb yas feem ntau suav nrog cov kab thiab seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov no muaj xws li mollusk shells, khaws cia fossilized seem ntawm qia, kab tis.
Clastic pob zeb paub zoo tshaj plaws. Piv txwv lees paub qhov no. Clastics suav nrog cov xuab zeb uas paub zoo thiab av nplaum, pob zeb crushed thiab gravel, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov no tau siv dav hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam.
Chemogenic pob zeb
pab pawg no yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Cov ntsev, xws li poov tshuaj ntsev, thiab bauxites tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau lawv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov pob zeb no tuaj yeem mus rau ob txoj hauv kev:
- Cov txheej txheem maj mam ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm lub hnub tsis suav nrog ntawm no.
- Kev sib xyaw ntau ntsev ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Cov qauv ntawm cov tsiaj zoo li no yuav nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov tsos. Cov uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib txheej, thaum lub tob tob yog txawv kiag li.
Pob zeb los ntawm pab pawg no tau siv dav heev, piv txwv tsuas yog lees paub qhov no. Chemogenic pob zeb suav nrog:
- Mineral ntsev.
- Bauxites.
- Limestones.
- Dolomite thiab magnesite thiab ntaulwm tus.
Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj ntau zaus yug me nyuam, hauv kev tsim ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem ntuj tau koom nrog. Lub npe ntawm cov pob zeb uas tshwm sim hauv txoj kev no yog sib xyaw. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem pom cov xuab zeb sib xyaw nrog av nplaum.
Organogenic sedimentary pob zeb
Yog cov pob zeb yas qee zaum suav nrog cov seem ntawm cov kab mob nyob, ces pab pawg no tsuas muaj lawv xwb. Nws suav nrog:
- Roj thiab shale.
- Bitumens.
- Phosphate pob zeb.
- Carbonate compounds, xws li chalk siv los sau rau ntawm lub blackboard.
- Limestones.
Yog tias peb tham txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, ces limestone thiab chalk yuav luag tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov plhaub ntawm cov mollusks thaum ub, foraminifera, corals, thiab algae kuj yog ib feem ntawm lawv. Muab hais tias cov kab mob sib txawv tuaj yeem ua rau lub pob zeb organogenic, lawv tau muab faib ua ntau yam:
- YBioherms. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov khoom muaj sia nyob.
- Thanatocenoses thiab taphrocenoses yog cov seem ntawm cov kab mob uas nyob hauv cov chaw no tau ntev lossis raug coj los ntawm dej.
- Planktonic pob zeb tau tsim los ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv dej.
Ntau qhov loj ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary
Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary. Yog tias koj saib ntawm cov pob zeb, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua homogeneous thiab nrog kev suav nrog. Nyob rau hauv thawj variant, tag nrho cov yug yog perceived raws li ib tug homogeneous pawg, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib tug yuav xav txog ib tug neeg.feem, nplej thiab lawv cov duab thiab piv.
Yog tias peb xav txog qhov loj ntawm cov feem, peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntau pawg:
- Cov nplej tau pom zoo.
- Hidden-grained visually tshwm structureless.
- Nyob hauv pab pawg thib peb, nws tsis tuaj yeem pom cov granularity yam tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb.
Cov duab ntawm cov kev suav nrog tej zaum yuav yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem uas cov pob zeb no tau sib cais. Muaj ntau hom qauv:
- Hypodiomorphic. Hauv hom no, cov crystals tau los ntawm cov tshuaj ua raws li cov nplej.
- Hipidioblast hom yog hais txog cov qauv nruab nrab uas cov tshuaj tau muab faib rau hauv cov pob zeb uas twb muaj lawm.
- Granoblastic, los yog nplooj, muaj irregularly zoo li crystals.
- Mechanoconforous hom yog tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nplej hauv qab lub siab ntawm cov txheej uas nyob saum toj no.
- Non-conformally granular muaj lub ntsiab feature nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txawv grain outlines, uas ua rau cov tsos ntawm voids thiab porosity.
Ntxiv rau cov qauv, lawv kuj tseem ceeb qhov kev ntxhib los mos. Kev faib tawm yog raws li txheej txheej:
- Kev kawm tiav. Nws tsim yog nqa tawm ntawm qhov tob tob hauv dej.
- Interlayer tshwm sim hauv qee txheej dej, hom no tuaj yeem raug suav tias yog av nplaum smudges, txheej ntawm cov xuab zeb hauv av nplaum.
- Interleaved tshwm sim thaum txheej tuab loj, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov kev hloov ntawm cov xim gamut ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Ib qho piv txwv yog kev hloov ntawm av nplaum thiab xuab zeb.
Muaj ntau qhov kev faib tawm tuaj yeem muab tau, tab sis cia peb nres ntawm no.
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary
Peb twb tau txiav txim siab cov pob zeb sedimentary clastic, piv txwv ntawm lawv kuj tau muab, thiab tam sim no peb yuav tsom mus rau lwm tus uas kuj muaj thoob plaws hauv xwm.
- Gravelites. Lawv yog cov pob zeb sedimentary nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm gravel. Lawv suav nrog cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb muaj ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg.
- Sand rocks. Qhov no suav nrog cov xuab zeb thiab pob zeb.
- Silty pob zeb yog me ntsis reminiscent ntawm sandstones, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg lawv muaj ntau ruaj khov minerals nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm quartz, muscovite.
- Siltstone yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm pob txha roughness, thiab xim nyob ntawm cov khoom siv cementing.
- Loams.
- Clay rock.
- Argillites.
- Marls yog sib xyaw ntawm carbonates thiab av nplaum.
- Limestones uas muaj calcite.
- Chalk
- Dolomites zoo li limestones, tsuas yog siv calcite lawv muaj dolomite.
Tag nrho cov pob zeb no tau siv dav hauv kev tsim kho thiab lwm yam kev lag luam.
Metamorphic pob zeb
Yog tias koj nco qab tias metamorphosis yog dab tsi, nws yuav pom tseeb tias cov pob zeb metamorphic tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntxhia thiab pob zeb nyob rau hauv qhov kub, lub teeb, siab, dej. Cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm pawg no yog: marble, quartzite, gneiss, shale thiab lwm yam.
Vim ntau hom tuaj yeem ua rau metamorphosisbreeds, ces qhov kev faib yog nyob ntawm qhov no:
- Metabasites yog pob zeb uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pob zeb tsis zoo thiab cov pob zeb sedimentary.
- Metapelites yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pob zeb acidic sedimentary.
- Carbonate pob zeb xws li marble.
Cov duab ntawm cov pob zeb metamorphic yog khaws cia los ntawm yav dhau los, piv txwv li, yog tias lub pob zeb yav dhau los nyob hauv cov txheej, ces qhov tsim tshiab yuav zoo ib yam. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, tau kawg, nyob ntawm cov pob zeb qub, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev hloov pauv nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv. Cov ntxhia muaj pes tsawg leeg tuaj yeem sib txawv, thiab nws tuaj yeem suav nrog ib qho ntxhia thiab ob peb.
Igneous rocks
Cov pob zeb no ua rau yuav luag 60% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb crust. Lawv tshwm sim los ntawm melting ntawm pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub mantle los yog nyob rau hauv qis ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Magma yog cov khoom molten, ib nrab los yog tag nrho, enriched nrog ntau yam gases. Cov txheej txheem tsim yog ib txwm cuam tshuam nrog kev kub siab hauv lub plab hauv lub ntiaj teb. Cov txheej txheem geological tshwm sim hauv lub ntiaj teb tas li provoke magma nce mus rau saum npoo. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm uplift, txias thiab crystallization ntawm minerals tshwm sim. Qhov no yog qhov tsim ntawm cov pob zeb tsis pom kev zoo li.
Raws li qhov tob ntawm qhov kev sib koom ua ke, cov pob zeb tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg, cov lus ntawm ntau yam yuav zoo li no:
| Plutonic | Volcanic | Hypabyssal |
| Cov pob zeb zoo li no yog tsim nyob rau sab qisntiaj teb daim av. | Formated thaum magma erupts rau saum npoo. | Pob zeb tshwm thaum magma ntim cov pob zeb uas twb muaj lawm. |
pob zeb Igneous txawv ntawm cov detrital uas lawv tsis muaj cov seem ntawm cov kab mob tuag. Pob zeb granite yog ib qho ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm pab pawg no. Nws muaj xws li: feldspar, quartz thiab mica.
Thaum lub roob hluav taws kub hnyiab, cov magma, tawm hauv lub ntiaj teb, maj mam txias thiab tsim cov pob zeb ntawm hom volcanic. Lawv tsis muaj cov muaju loj, vim qhov kub thiab txias tshwm sim sai sai. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pob zeb no yog bas alt thiab granite. Lawv feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm los ua monuments thiab sculptures.
Clastic volcanogenic pob zeb
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm volcanic eruptions, tsis tsuas yog granite pob zeb tsim, tab sis kuj ntau lwm tus neeg. Ntxiv rau qhov tso tawm ntawm lava, ntau cov khib nyiab ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw, uas, ua ke nrog cov pob zeb ntawm cov lava tawv, poob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab tsim tephra. Cov khoom siv pyroclastic no maj mam eroded, ib feem ntawm nws raug rhuav tshem los ntawm dej, thiab qhov seem yog compacted thiab hloov mus rau hauv cov pob zeb muaj zog - volcanic tuffs.
Thaum qhov ua txhaum ntawm cov pob zeb no, koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom tawg, qhov khoob ntawm cov ntoo tshauv, qee zaum av nplaum lossis cov tshuaj siliceous sedimentary.
pob zeb huab cua
Txhua pob zeb, nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej, raug rau ntau yam,ua rau huab cua lossis kev puas tsuaj. Raws li kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam, ntau hom txheej txheem no txawv:
- Lub cev huab cua ntawm pob zeb. Nws tshwm sim vim qhov kub hloov pauv, vim tias cov pob zeb tawg, dej nkag mus rau hauv cov kab nrib pleb, uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv dej khov ntawm qhov kub tsawg. Nov yog qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm pob zeb maj mam tshwm sim.
- Tshuaj huab cua yog nqa tawm hauv qab dej, uas nkag mus rau hauv cov pob zeb tawg thiab leaches, dissolves. Marble, limestone, ntsev feem ntau raug rau cov nyhuv no.
- Cov huab cua lom neeg yog ua nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag rhuav tshem cov pob zeb nrog lawv cov hauv paus hniav, cov lichens uas tau nyob rau ntawm lawv zais qee cov kua qaub, uas kuj muaj kev puas tsuaj.
Yuav luag tsis muaj peev xwm zam cov txheej txheem ntawm pob zeb huab cua.
Meaning of pob zeb
Yuav ua tsis tau tejyam xav txog lub teb chaws kev lag luam yam tsis siv pob zeb. Xws li ib daim ntawv thov pib nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thaum ib tug neeg kawm ua pob zeb. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, pob zeb yog siv hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Piv txwv xws li:
- Marble.
- Limestone.
- Chalk
- Granite.
- Quartzite thiab lwm yam.
Lawv siv hauv kev tsim kho yog raws li lub zog thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb.
Qee tus tsiaj pom lawv daim ntawv thov hauv metallurgicalkev lag luam, xws li refractory av nplaum, limestone, dolomites. Kev lag luam tshuaj yog sib cais los ntawm pob zeb ntsev, tripoli, diatomaceous ntiaj teb.
Txawm tias kev lag luam teeb siv pob zeb rau lawv cov kev xav tau. Kev ua liaj ua teb tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj poov tshuaj ntsev, phosphorites, uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov chiv.
Yog li, peb tau txiav txim siab pob zeb. Thiab peb tuaj yeem xaus tias tam sim no lawv yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsim nyog pab ntawm tus neeg hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev lag luam, txij li lub neej niaj hnub mus rau kev tsim kho. Tias yog vim li cas lub tswv yim feem ntau siv tsis yog pob zeb, tab sis yog cov ntxhia, uas qhia meej txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb no.
