Paul Naim Berg yog Asmeskas biochemist, tus xibfwb ntawm Stanford University, tus tswv cuab ntawm US National Academy of Sciences. Nws yog tus tau txais Nobel nqi zog rau kev ua tiav hauv chemistry. Nws paub tias Paul Berg tau tsim thawj cov kab mob transgenic. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais txiaj ntsig National Science Medal rau nws txoj kev koom tes rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb.
Biography
Paul Berg yug rau lub Rau Hli 30, 1926 hauv Brooklyn, Tebchaws Asmeskas rau tsev neeg Yudais. Nws txiv yog ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm textile, nws niam yog ib tug niam tsev. Paul tau txais kev tshoov siab los ua tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm kev nyeem Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas Microbe los ntawm Paul de Kruy thiab Arrowsmith los ntawm Sinclair Lewis thaum ntxov.
Schools and universities
Nws tau kawm ntawm Abraham Lincoln lub koom haum, kawm tiav xyoo 1943, maj nrawm dhau ntau qib ntawm tsev kawm theem qis.
Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17 xyoo, Paul Berg txiav txim siab los koom ua tub rog, yog li nws tau sau npe hauv Navy, npaj siab los ua tus tsav. Thaum tos cov lus teb, nws nkag mus rau Pennsylvania State University rau biochemistry.kws qhia ntawv, uas nws kawm tiav xyoo 1948.
Txog xyoo 1946, Povlauj ua haujlwm rau hauv lub nkoj nquam nkoj, ces rov mus kawm dua.
Xyoo 1952, nws tau txais nws Ph. D. los ntawm Case Western Reserve University hauv Cleveland. Nyob ntawd, Berg tau sau ib tsab ntawv tshaj tawm uas nws tau kawm txog kev hloov pauv ntawm formic acid, formaldehyde thiab methanol kom txo qis alpha-amino acid methionine siv cov vitamins B9 (folic acid) thiab B12.
Txij li xyoo 1959, Paul tau ua tus xibfwb ntawm biochemistry ntawm Stanford University. Nws kuj yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm US National Academy of Sciences.
Discoveries thiab scientific kev ua haujlwm
Lub sijhawm nws lub neej ntau xyoo, Paul Berg tau ua haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb. Thaum kawm hauv tsev kawm tiav, nws tau koom nrog kev kawm txog yuav ua li cas cov zaub mov hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom siv cellular thaum cov txheej txheem no cuam tshuam los ntawm isotopic carbon atoms lossis hnyav nitrogen atoms. Tom qab ntawd, Paul Berg tau piav qhia cov txiaj ntsig hauv nws daim ntawv pov thawj kws kho mob.
Ua ntej, tus kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw enzymology, qhov chaw nws kawm txog cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes. Yog li nws tau ntsib cov kws tshawb fawb txawj ntse uas tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam no - Arthur Kornberg thiab Herman Kalkar. Ua haujlwm nrog Herman ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Cytophysiology hauv Copenhagen, vam tias yuav tshawb xyuas cov piam thaj metabolism, lawv pom cov enzyme tshiab uas ua kom pom tseeb tias cov kab mob lom neeg tuaj yeem hloov pauv lub zog ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev.
In 1953-1954, ua haujlwm hauv Kornberg lub chaw kuaj mob hauvWashington, Paul Berg ua haujlwm ntawm cov metabolism, uas tso tawm lub zog. Tom qab ntawd, nws pom tias cov amino acids, tig mus rau hauv daim ntawv tshwj xeeb, tuaj yeem txuas rau hloov RNA, uas tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau ribosomes. Rau qhov kev tshawb pom no, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais khoom plig.
Xyoo 1959, Paul tau tsiv mus rau Stanford University nrog Arthur Kornberg, qhov chaw nws tshawb fawb txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov proteins los ntawm cov amino acids. Nws tau tswj kom nkag siab tias txhua tus amino acid muaj nws tus kheej hloov RNA, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov kev paub tau hloov pauv ntau dua. Tau ntau xyoo.
Xyoo 1967, cov kws tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias yog tias koj hloov caj ces hauv tRNA, ces cov caj ces hauv cov ribosomes yuav nyeem tsis raug. Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb, Berg muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas RNA polymerase hauv Escherichia coli.
Hauv xyoo 1968-1970, tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav tus kab mob-40, uas ua rau qog nqaij hlav hauv cov liab.
Hauv thaj chaw biochemistry xyoo 1972, Paul Berg tau tshawb pom lwm qhov. Nws nrhiav tau ib tug molecular hybrid los ntawm combining DNA ntawm ob tug kab mob nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv. Noj cov kab mob-40 thiab bacteriophage lambda, nws tau tswj kom tawg lawv cov khoom siv caj ces hauv cov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv qab ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg. Yog li, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais DNA recombinant.
Tom qab lub sijhawm, cov noob pib tau txais kev txiav txim siab. Txawm li cas los xij, Berg thiab lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau txhawj xeeb tias cov kab mob tsim tawm tuaj yeem txhawb nqa qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob qog noj ntshav tshiab, yog li Paul tau tso tseg qhov kev sim thiab cov kev tshawb fawb no raug txwv.
Tam sim nonws tau pom tias qhov kev sim no tsis txaus ntshai thiab tsis tas yuav ua raws li cov cai nruj. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau ua rau muaj kev vam meej ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, qhov twg ntau yam tshuaj (piv txwv li, cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob) tau txais.
Nyob rau xyoo 1985, Berg tau tsim lub Chaw Sib Koom Tes rau Molecular thiab Genetic Medicine, qhov uas nws tom qab los ua tus thawj coj.
Tom qab ntawd, nws thiab nws cov npoj yaig tau teeb tsa lub koom haum rau kev tshawb fawb lom neeg. Ntawm no lawv tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb ntawm DNA molecule, tau txais interleukins synthesized los ntawm leukocytes, thiab cloning. Cov kev sim zoo sib xws tseem tab tom ua, thiab lub chaw tsim los ntawm Paul Berg yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm no.
Lub neej ntiag tug
Xyoo 1947, Paul Berg tau sib yuav Mildred Levy, uas nws tau ntsib thawj zaug hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Nkawd muaj ib tug tub, John.
khoom plig thiab khoom plig
Paul Berg yog ib tug ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ci ntsa iab uas tau yeej Nobel nqi zog. Nws, nrog rau W alter Gilbert thiab Frederick Singer, tau txais qhov khoom plig no xyoo 1980 rau nws qhov kev ua tiav hauv chemistry, uas cov npoj yaig tau tshawb fawb txog cov nucleic acids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hybrid DNA.
Nyob rau xyoo 1959, Berg tau txais Eli Lilly nqi zog hauv Biological Chemistry rau nws kev tshawb fawb ntawm RNA.
Hauv xyoo 1985, 40th Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, Ronald Reagan, tau muab nws lub National Medal of Science.
Nyiaj laus
Paul Berg tso tseg kev tawm dag zogscientific kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv 2000. Tam sim no nws tseem yog tus xibfwb ntawm Stanford University. Nws nyiam sau ntawv txog noob caj noob ces.
