Kev hais txog archaeology pib hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub. Piv txwv li, Plato nkag siab lub tswv yim no raws li kev kawm txog keeb kwm yav dhau los, thiab hauv Renaissance, nws txhais tau tias kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Ancient Rome. Nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws science, lo lus no yog txuam nrog anthropology. Nyob rau hauv Russia, archaeology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv fossil uas cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Nws kawm txog kev khawb av thiab tam sim no koom tes nrog ntau ceg ntoo thiab muaj ob peb ntu cuam tshuam nrog ntau lub sijhawm thiab thaj chaw kab lis kev cai.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yog ntau txoj haujlwm thiab nthuav dav
Tib neeg kawm txog kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub, rov qab los ntawm yav dhau los nyob deb ntawm qhov seem, uas tau ua tib zoo khawb hauv cov txheej hauv ntiaj teb. Txoj haujlwm no xav tau kev saib xyuas zoo thiab mob siab rau. Nyob rau lub sijhawm dhau los, qhov seem ntawm yav dhau los ua tsis yooj yim dua thiab ploj mus.
Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los yog tus neeg tshawb nrhiav hauv kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tshiab. Feem ntau txoj haujlwm no tau muab piv nrog cov haujlwm tshawb nrhiav. Cov hauj lwm ntawm archaeologists yog muaj tswv yim,xav tau kev saib xyuas, kev xav thiab kev xav paub daws teeb meem - rov tsim cov duab qub ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub yav dhau los.
Txoj haujlwm tau nrov hauv tebchaws Greece thiab Ancient Rome. Txij thaum ntawd los, Pob Zeb, Bronze thiab Hlau Hnub Nyoog tau paub, ntau qhov kev khawb tau ua tiav thiab pom muaj ntau cov vaj tse qub qub tau pom. Thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm archaeologists yog nrhiav cov duab puab thaum ub. Raws li kev tshawb fawb cais, nws tau tsim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj li yuav tsum muaj tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los
Kev paub txog ntau qhov tseeb uas tau sau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw xaiv yog tsim nyog rau lawv cov haujlwm. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog lub Neolithic los yog Paleolithic, Bronze, Thaum Ntxov Hlau, Scythian lub sij hawm, antiquity, Slavic-Lavxias teb sab archaeology, thiab lwm yam. Daim ntawv teev npe tsis tiav thiab tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus. Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yog ib txoj haujlwm nthuav, tab sis nws yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab muaj peev xwm los sib piv ntau qhov chaw.
Tus neeg zoo li no yuav tsum muaj nws lub tswv yim thiab muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv nws, sib cav raws li kev xav, tsis yog kev xav. Nws tuaj yeem nyuaj, tab sis nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau tso tseg koj cov kev xav yog tias muaj qhov tseeb uas tsis lees paub lawv. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm archaeologists yuav tsum muaj cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb - qhov no yog kev ua siab ntev, mob siab rau, raug. Lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev khawb av.
Koj xav tau kev ua siab ntev thiab lub cev muaj zog, vim tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm archaeologists feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev khawb av uas tshwm sim hauv ntau yam huab cua. Ntxiv rau, tsis muaj qhov ua xua rau cov khoom siv organic. Ib tug archaeologist yog ib tug neegleej twg yuav tsum sib npaug, sib haum xeeb, muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm hauv pab pawg.
Kev txawj ntse
Cov kws tshaj lij yuav tsum muaj peev xwm kos duab, kos duab, duab. Txhawm rau kom paub cov hauv paus tsis yog tsuas yog kho dua tshiab, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev txuag cov hlau, pob zeb, av nplaum thiab cov khoom siv organic (tawv, pob txha, ntoo, ntaub, thiab lwm yam). Nco ntsoov xav tau kev paub dav dav ntawm anthropology, linguistics, ethnography, geodesy, topography, geology thiab paleozoology. Cov kws tshawb fawb archaeologists uas kawm keeb kwm qub txeeg qub teg yuav tsum muaj kev paub zoo txog keeb kwm thiab kev qhuab qhia (textology, numismatics, paleography, sphragistics, heraldry thiab ntau ntxiv).
Teb chaw archaeologists yuav tsum yog economists, zoo organizers, xib fwb thiab psychologists. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, lawv yuav tsum muaj peev xwm "pom lub ntiaj teb", nyeem nws cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab muab piv rau cov khoom qub uas pom.
kab mob ua haujlwm
Tib neeg-archaeologists muaj lawv tus kheej cov kab mob, uas lawv tau txais ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm. Feem ntau nws yog gastritis los yog gastric ulcer, uas ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov zaub mov, vim hais tias feem ntau tsis muaj tej yam kev mob rau ua noj ua haus. Rheumatism thiab sciatica kuj tshwm sim, raws li feem ntau archaeologists yuav tsum tau nyob hauv tsev pheeb suab nyob rau hauv ntau yam huab cua. Vim li no, ntau yam arthrosis thiab mob caj dab tshwm sim.
Yuav ua li cas yog tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm?
archaeologists ua dab tsi? Tsis yog tsuas yog los ntawm kev khawb thoob ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj los ntawm tus kheej cov khoom mosaic, uas yuav tsum raug xaiv kom raug thiab ua tib zoomuab tso rau hauv ib qho. Nws feem ntau tshwm sim tias nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau xyoo los nthuav tawm cov lus zais ntawm yav dhau los. Tab sis qhov kawg tshwm sim yog tsim nyog. Txij li nws yog txoj hauv kev no uas koj tuaj yeem rov tsim dua yav dhau los, uas, zoo li, tau muab zais rau hauv lub plab mus ib txhis.
archaeologists ua dab tsi? Lawv kawm cov peev txheej, txheeb xyuas lawv thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv nrog ntau yam uas twb paub lawm. Kev tshawb fawb suav nrog tsis yog tsuas yog khawb xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib qho chaw ua haujlwm, thaum ua haujlwm ncaj qha nrog cov khoom qub thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsis yog hauv av xwb, tab sis kuj nyob hauv dej.
Ntaus archaeologists
Heinrich Schliemann yog tus kws tshawb fawb German uas tshawb pom Troy. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj pioneer archaeologists uas pib kawm antiquity. Nws yug rau lub Ib Hlis 6, 1822. Raws li lub horoscope - Capricorn. Ua excavations hauv Syria, Egypt, Palestine, Greece thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Yuav luag ib nrab ntawm nws lub neej, Henry tau sim qhia txog keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm Homeric epic. Nws sim ua pov thawj tias txhua qhov xwm txheej tau piav qhia hauv cov paj huam tsis yog kev xav, tab sis qhov tseeb.
Norwegian anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl yug thaum Lub Kaum Hli 6, 1914. Nws sau tau ntau phau ntawv. Nws kev ntoj ke mus ncig ua si yeej ib txwm ci, muaj cov xwm txheej heroic. Ntau yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tab sis nws yog ua tsaug rau Ncig saib qhov kev txaus siab ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb tau nce ntau.
Tseem muaj cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo hauv tebchaws Russia ib yam nkaus. Ntawm lawv yog Boris Piotrovsky, nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1908. Lub cim ntawm lub zodiac yog Aquarius. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo-paub Lavxias teb sab historian, orientalist thiab kev kawm ntawv. NwsTshawb nrhiav ntau lub monuments ntawm North Caucasus, Transcaucasia thiab Central Asia. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1949, nws tau raug xaiv tsa tus thawj coj ntawm Hermitage rau kev tshawb fawb.
Ntaus discoveries
Cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tshawb pom 10 qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb uas tau pom thaum khawb:
- Rosetta pob zeb pom nyob ze lub zos Rashid. Nws yog granodiorite (pob zeb) nrog inscription ntawm Ptolemy V (Egyptian huab tais). Lub inscription yog nyob rau hauv Egyptian hieroglyphs, nyob rau hauv Greek thiab nyob rau hauv demotic tsab ntawv.
- Venus de Milo yog ib tug pej thuam nto moo ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub. Lub sijhawm Hellenistic lig. Nws tau pom los ntawm Greek cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv xyoo 1820 ntawm cov kob ntawm Milos. Tab sis ob txhais tes ntawm tus pej thuam yeej tsis pom.
- Angkor Wat (Temple City) yog ib qho chaw zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Buddhism hauv Cambodia. Nws yog ib feem ntawm lub tuam tsev complex. Nws tau tshawb pom los ntawm Fabkis tus neeg ncig tebchaws Henri Muo hauv xyoo 1861. Ib lub sijhawm tag nrho tau muaj npe tom qab lub nroog no.
- Troy, Ilion - lub nroog qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov ceg av qab teb ze ntawm Dardanelles. Troy tau nto moo heev rau cov paj huam. Cov excavations nthuav tawm 46 txheej kab lis kev cai, tom qab muab faib ua ob peb lub sijhawm.
- Mycenae yog lub nroog qub tshaj plaws nyob rau yav qab teb tim Nkij teb chaws, hauv Argolis. Nws suav hais tias yog qhov chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm Aegean kab lis kev cai. Thaum lub sij hawm excavations, ntau lub qhov ntxa tau pom nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov khoom muaj nqis - ntaj, nplhaib, cov khoom kub thiab nyiaj, qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, daim hlau thiab discs nrog chasing.
- Lub Minoan kev vam meej tau tshawb pom los ntawm Arthur Evans, kws tshawb fawb Askiv. Cov excavations tau pompalaces thiab nroog vaj tse, necropolises. Ib qho ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws pom yog lub pob zeb disk nrog cov ntawv sau ua lus tsis paub rau cov kws tshawb fawb.
- Machu Picchu - Inca fortress, sanctuary nroog. Nws tau tshawb pom los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas Hiram Bingham. Cov ruins zoo nkauj no yog ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev tom qab-Inca pob zeb. Lub monument tau khaws 200 qhov chaw sib txawv thiab cov tsev, cov tuam tsev, cov tsev nyob, cov qauv tiv thaiv.
- Lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tutankhamun ze Luxor tau tshawb pom los ntawm British archaeologist Howard Cater. Muaj cov khoom muaj nqis loj heev hauv lub qhov ntxa nws tus kheej, thiab cov mummy tau faus rau hauv peb lub sarcophagi, uas tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho.
- Birch bark - scrawled and embossed on birch bark. Thawj zaug lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Thiab twb yog xyoo 2012 muaj ntau tshaj ib txhiab leej lawm.
- Ntxhais fuabtais Ukok yog ib tug mummy ancient pom nyob rau hauv ib tug Scythian mound nyob rau hauv Altai, nyob rau ciam teb nrog Mongolia. Nws muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 2,5 txhiab xyoo.
Nrhiav tsis pom
Cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb pom dab tsi ntawm qhov txawv? Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm excavated exhibits uas yooj yim tsis yooj yim sua los piav qhia txog kev xav. Cov duab ntawm Acambaro ceeb toom rau zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Thawj tau pom nyob rau hauv Mexico los ntawm German Voldemar Dzhalsrad. Cov figurines zoo li keeb kwm yav dhau los, tab sis ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg ntau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.
Npaj lub pob zeb yog lub suab nrov ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub. Cov no yog ntau pua pob zeb discs pom nyob rau hauv pem teb ntawm lub qhov tsua, uas cov dab neeg hais txog spaceships tau kos. Lawv tau tswj hwm los ntawm cov tsiaj uas lawv seem tau pom hauv lub qhov tsua.
Tsev pom
Nyob rau hauv archaeology, kuj muaj heev creepy pom. Piv txwv li, qw mummies. Ib tug ntawm cov no tau khi tes thiab ko taw, tab sis ib tug quaj froze rau ntawm nws lub ntsej muag. Muaj cov lus qhia tias nws raug faus ciaj sia, tsim txom, raug lom. Tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias lub puab tsaig tau yooj yim khi tsis zoo los yog tsis tag, uas yog vim li cas tus mummy lub qhov ncauj qhib.
Cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tseem pom cov claws loj ntawm tus dab tsis paub. Thiab lub pob txha taub hau loj loj pom tsuas yog cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias nws yuav tsis zoo siab yog tias tus dab no ntsib ib tus neeg ntawm nws txoj kev. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias cov no yog cov yawg koob ntawm Moa noog. Thiab lawv txoj kev loj hlob tshaj tib neeg los ntawm 2-3 zaug. Nws tau hais tias muaj qhov ua tau tias tus noog no tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, thiab koj tuaj yeem sim nrhiav nws hauv thaj chaw ntawm New Zealand. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws no muaj ntau zaj dab neeg txog Moa.
Cov cuab yeej ntawm archaeologists
Ntawm kev khawb av, cov cuab yeej zoo li no feem ntau yog siv: bayonet, shovel thiab sapper shovels, picks thiab choppers ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, vaj scoops, brooms, sledgehammers, hammers thiab txhuam ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug archaeologist yuav nyuaj heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum koj yuav tsum khawb li loj faus mounds.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog kev ua haujlwm raug ntawm qhov khoom. Thiab muaj peev xwm xaiv cov cuab yeej zoo kuj xav tau. Lub taub hau ntawm kev khawb av tsis tsuas yog saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, tab sis kuj tseem pab kom siv cov txhuam hniav thiab shovels kom raug.
Yuav ua li cas los ua ib tug kws tshawb fawb
Koj tuaj yeem kawm tau li caschav haujlwm nruab hnub, nrog rau ib nrab hnub. Archaeologist yog ib txoj hauj lwm uas tuaj yeem nrhiav tau los ntawm txhua tus neeg uas muaj kev ntshaw rau kev qub txeeg qub teg thiab khawb. Yuav kom ua tau li no, koj yuav tsum mus rau npe rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv uas qhia cov keeb kwm. Nws yog cov kawm tiav hauv qhov kev qhuab qhia no uas tuaj yeem koom nrog kev khawb thiab lwm qhov chaw. Ib tug archaeologist yog ib tug historian. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li yav tas los, nws tau koom nrog tsis yog hauv kev kawm ntawm kev tshawb xav xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus kheej nrhiav thiab tshawb txog keeb kwm qub.
Tus kws tshawb fawb nyiaj hli
Russian cov nyiaj hli nruab nrab txog 15 txhiab rubles. Tab sis tsuas yog ib qho kev ntoj ke mus kawm, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tuaj yeem tau txais txog 30 txhiab rubles. Cov nyiaj hli yuav txawv ntawm lub nroog mus rau lub nroog. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Moscow nws txawv ntawm 20 mus rau 30 txhiab rubles. Hauv cheeb tsam, nws yog kwv yees li 5-7 txhiab tus qis.
