Txij li kev tsim cov cwj mem rau kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab, nws cov hom tau hloov kho tas li thiab tsim cov tshiab. Cov cwj mem zoo li cas tam sim no tsis muaj: cov xim zoo tib yam, uas cov menyuam kawm ntawv kos hauv chav kawm; wax thiab txhuas siv nyob rau hauv kev painting; "yooj yim" - rau kev kos duab thiab cov duab kos duab (lawv cov hlau lead muaj graphite thiab, nyob ntawm qhov hardness, sau nyob rau hauv ntau yam xim ntawm lub teeb grey mus rau dub); tshuaj - siv nyob rau hauv tsim chaw ua hauj lwm rau voluminous kos duab ua hauj lwm; cwj mem tshuaj pleev ib ce… Thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog siv rau txawv degrees los ntawm peb nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm lub neej.
Nakhimichili
Indelible mem hluav - nws qhov kev tsim khoom yog qhov pom tiag tiag hauv kev kos duab, luam tawm, shorthand. Lawv tuaj yeem sau, kos duab, pleev xim rau daim ntawv saum npoo, ua cov ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab ntau ntxiv. Hauv qab ntoo "cov khaub ncaws" ntawm cov ntawv sau zoo li no yog tshwj xeeb graphite stylus. Thaum qhuav, nws tawm lub teeb, inconspicuouscov kab thiab cov cim. Tab sis thaum lub hau ntawm lub stylus yog moistened nrog dej los yog txawm nrog tus nplaig, nws cov xim hloov, nws pib sau ua siab loj, ci ntsa iab, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tshem tawm ntawm daim ntawv. Qhov no yog vim cov xaum tshuaj muaj xws li dyes uas yaj thaum raug cov dej noo. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam yuav yog yog tias koj kos cov hmoov lead qhuav dhau ntawm qhov chaw moistened ntawm tib daim ntawv. Cov dyes ntxiv rau tus pas nrig yog rhodamine (nws sau los ntawm cov xim liab liab mus rau lub suab sib sib zog nqus ntawm tib qhov ntxoov ntxoo), eosin (kuj khaus liab, tig mus rau liab), auramine (nplua nuj daj). Cov ntxhia ntxiv no ua rau cov cwj mem tsis zoo tsis tsuas yog siv tau ntev, tab sis kuj, los ntawm kev sib txuas cov xim thawj thiab theem nrab, ua kom muaj ntau yam ntawm nws cov xim.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov nrov ntawm cov cwj mem tshuaj tau pib poob qis - lawv tau hloov pauv ua ntej los ntawm cov cwj mem ballpoint thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm gel cwj mem. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tam sim no lawv tseem pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tsim khoom. Lawv siv inscriptions lossis contours ntawm cov duab kos rau ntawm iav, plaster, ceramic, hlau thiab lwm qhov chaw. Lub hardness ntawm xws li cim polymeric mem hluav yog xaiv nyob ntawm seb hom ntawm nto yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm rau. Thiab lub meej mom ntawm inventing thawj tus cwj mem tshuaj yog rau Edson Clark, uas patented nws invention rov qab rau hauv 1866. Xyoo 1928, nws tau txhim kho me ntsis - ib qho dej me me tau txuas nrog cov xaum tshuaj nws tus kheej, thiab thaum nws tsim nyog los moisten tus pas nrig, tus kws sau ntawv nias nws. Los ntawm qhov ntws, noo noo nkag mus rau hauv tus pas nrig, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm dyes nrog dej thiab ntawvnpaj txhij!
xaum thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce
Rau lub hom phiaj kom zoo nkauj, kos duab cwj mem yog siv los pleev xim. Nws qhov kev ntxhib los mos yog feem ntau ntom, tab sis tsis tshua muaj neeg muag heev, vim tsis tsuas pob muag, tab sis kuj ob lub qhov muag tau pleev xim nrog cov cwj mem, thiab daim tawv nqaij ntawm daim tawv muag tau yooj yim raug mob thiab yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov cwj mem ntawm cov cwj mem no, ntxiv rau ntau yam xim pigments, suav nrog cov khoom siv ntuj: xibtes roj-raws li glyceride, noo noo-saturated castor roj - lawv ua haujlwm tu; muv, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab lwm yam waxes, uas muaj zog refractoriness thiab muab make-up nrog durability thiab lub zog rau lub sij hawm ntev; tshuaj uas tshem tawm cov kev tsis haum tshuaj.
Cov cuab yeej kws tshaj lij
Thiab kawg, tus cwj mem hluav taws xob. Raws li lub npe twb tau hais lawm, nws cov tub ntxhais yog ua los ntawm cov thee nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm qee cov roj linseed. Xws li ib tug additive imparts ntxiv ntom thiab xim saturation rau charcoal, ntau adhesion rau ntawv fibers. Txoj kev nws tawm yog mos thiab dub.
Vim nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, charcoal mem hluav yog qhov sib npaug zoo rau kev kos duab thiab kos duab hauv qhov kawg version. Siv nws, tus kws kos duab tuaj yeem piav qhia ob qho tib si tsaus nti thiab pob tshab lub teeb ntxoov ntxoo. Qhov tshwj xeeb yooj yim ntawm xaum yog tias nws tuaj yeem tshem tau yooj yim ntawm daim ntawv, tawm yuav luag tsis muaj qhov cim.
