Preposition yog ib qho kev pabcuam ntawm kev hais lus uas qhia txog kev koom nrog ntawm qhov khoom, lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Nws nthuav tawm lub npe hu ua syntactic dependence ntawm cov lus hauv qab no: tus lej, tus lej, tus lej - los ntawm lwm tus. Thiab nws lub ntsiab feature yog hais tias lub preposition yog ib tug functional lo lus uas tsis siv nws tus kheej. Thiab qhov no mus rau txhua hom lus.
Prepositions hauv German
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov kev hais lus hauv hom lus no yog ib yam nkaus li peb haiv neeg Lavxias. Txhua yam yooj yim thiab meej ntawm no. Lub preposition yog ib feem uas txuas cov pawg lus ua ke. Lawv feem ntau tuaj ua ntej lo lus lawv hais txog. Yuav tsum muab piv txwv. Das Fenster (txhais tau tias "qhov rais"), der Tisch (rooj). Cov lus no tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv ib kab lus. Nws yuav tig tawm cov lus hauv qab no: "Der Tisch ib dem Fenster", uas tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "lub rooj qhov rai". Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias prepositions pab los txiav txim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub npe, thiab feem ntau yog ib tug pronoun. Tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov rooj plaub uas cov seem ntawm kev hais lus yog tom qab preposition. Lawv siv ob qho tib si nrog ib rooj plaub thiab nrog ob peb tib lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov prepositions yog siv tom qab lub npe, thiabua ntej nws.
Vim hais haum
Kuv yuav tsum hais tias ntau cov lus qhia hauv German yuav tsum muaj qee yam khoom lossis prepositions tom qab lawv, thiab hauv qee kis. Qee qhov xwm txheej, lub ntsiab lus ntawm prepositions uas tswj cov lus qhia tsis zoo rau kev txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab analogues. Muaj ib qho piv txwv meej ntawm no. Lo lus "Kuv xav txog koj" yog txhais ua German li "Ich denke an dich". Yog tias koj nkag siab cov kab lus no, ces nws yuav suab hauv Lavxias zoo li no: "Kuv xav tias koj muaj / rau koj". Los ntawm txoj kev, ntawm lub hauv paus no, ntau tus muaj teeb meem nrog kev nkag siab. Cov neeg Lavxias siv zog los txhais cov lus no lossis cov kab lus ntawd txhawm rau txhawm rau xa cov ntsiab lus rau lawv tus neeg sib tham German kom raug raws li qhov ua tau, thiab vim li ntawd, vim yog siv cov lus tsis raug, tus neeg sib tw tsuas tsis to taub qhov tau hais. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog nws. Tias yog vim li cas koj yuav tsum kawm ib daim ntawv teev cov prepositions, nrog rau kev cob qhia siv lawv.
thawj pab pawg
Prepositions, zoo li ntau lwm qhov ntawm kev hais lus, muab faib ua ob peb pawg. Tsuas muaj peb leeg xwb. Cov no yog cov neeg uas tom qab lawv tus kheej tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb - thawj pab pawg. Qhov thib ob suav nrog cov uas tau tswj hwm tshwj xeeb los ntawm ib rooj plaub, nrog rau ib pawg ntawm cov khoom no tswj hwm los ntawm ob rooj plaub (Akkusativ thiab Dativ). Thiab yog hais tias peb tham txog dab tsi ib tug preposition yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog txhua pawg. Yog li als thiab wie yog cov uas tsis xav tau ib rooj plaub tshwj xeeb tom qab. Tom qab lawv, qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus hloov raws li cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus. Ib qho piv txwv tuaj yeem muab tau: Ich kannte ihn schon alsLehrer (ntawm no yog Nominativ hais), thiab cov kab lus no tau txhais me ntsis illogically: "Kuv paub thaum kuv tus kheej yog ib tug xib fwb." Muaj lwm qhov sib txawv inclined raws li Akkusativ. Nws suab zoo li no: Ich kannte ihn schon als Lehrer. Thiab nws txhais tau hais tias: "Kuv paub nws thaum nws tseem yog xib fwb." Txawm hais tias, dua, cov lus no suab zoo li no tsuas yog hauv Lavxias, hauv German ob qho kev xaiv yog qhov laj thawj heev.
Second group
Cov no, raws li tau hais lawm, suav nrog cov prepositions uas tau tswj los ntawm ib rooj plaub xwb. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov tsis tshua muaj, vim muaj ntau ntawm lawv. Nov yog ib daim ntawv teev cov uas kav Akkusativ (accusative): wider, pro, um, ohne, per, gegen, je, durch, für, dis. Ib qho piv txwv yuav yog kab lus hauv qab no: Ich gehe durch den Straße. Nws txhais tau tias "Kuv tabtom taug kev ntawm txoj kev." Tom ntej: prepositions uas tswj Dativ (dative). Cov no suav nrog entgegen, aus, gemäß, mit, bei, seit, nach, zu, zuliebe, von, gegenüber. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias ntau prepositions yog ua ke nrog lwm cov lus. Thiab muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej zoo li no. Piv txwv li, zu + sammenlegen - ntxiv; vor + bei - yav dhau los, etc. Thiab cov pab pawg kawg yog cov prepositions uas tswj Genitiv (genitive). Nov yog qee qhov ntawm lawv: diesseits, unterhalb, oberhalb, jenseits, ungeachtet, infolge, thiab ntau lwm tus. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias cov prepositions nyuaj tshaj plaws yog cov pab pawg no. Thiab los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ntau ntawm lawv tshaj li tus so. Lawv kuj kav ib rooj plaub xwb.
Third group
Cov no yog cov prepositions uas kav ob kis ib zaug. Cov no suav nrog cov lus hauv qab no: unter, vor, neben, hinter, in, an, auf, über, zwischen. Cov lus teev tseg kav Akkusativ thiab Dativ. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txhua yam nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus teb. Piv txwv li, yog cov kab lus muaj lo lus "wohin?" (kev txhais lus: "qhov twg?") thiab tom qab ntawd nws yog hais txog kev nqis tes ua nrog lub hom phiaj, tom qab ntawd qhov no cov lus qhia uas tam sim no tau hais txog yog siv nrog Akkusativ rooj plaub. Yog li, lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim yog syntactically qhia. Nws zoo li no: "Er setzte sich neben mich" - nws zaum ntawm kuv ib sab. Feem ntau, lub ntsiab lus ntawm prepositions yog qhov yooj yim heev, qhov tseem ceeb yog muab sijhawm me ntsis thiab ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov yam ntxwv uas tau teev tseg ua ntej. Hauv qhov no, nws yuav yooj yim rau kev kawm thiab nco ntsoov. Preposition tsis yog ib qho nyuaj ib yam li cov lus qhia tsis xwm yeem, thiab nws kuj yooj yim heev rau kev xyaum. Feem ntau, txhua tus kws qhia ntawv yuav qhia nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv, uas twb tau nkag siab ntau dua lossis tsawg dua kev nkag siab German hais lus, kom nkag siab nws tus kheej hauv cov lus ib puag ncig yog tias ua tau. Txawm hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem ya mus rau Tebchaws Yelemees, kev xyaum ua tau nyob hauv tsev. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los pib ua yeeb yaj kiab, sib tham, nkauj. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias auditory nco yog ib qho ntawm feem ncaj ncees thiab txhim khu kev qha. Cov lus German yooj yim hnov. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm no yog kev saib xyuas, vim hais tias thaum xub thawj cov lus yuav zoo li tsis nkag siab, hauv txoj ntsiab cai, ib yam li lwm yam lus txawv teb chaws, yog tias ib tug neeg hnov lawv thawj zaug.
