Poland yog ib lub xeev Slavic nyob sib ze nrog thaj chaw zoo li daim thaiv npog 600 los ntawm 600 mais ntawm qhov loj. Nyob rau hauv nws sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj yog ib cheeb tsam uas keeb kwm hu ua Silesia. Nws muab faib ua Upper thiab Lower. Yog koj saib ntawm daim ntawv qhia, koj pom tau tias Upper Silesia nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Lower Silesia.
Keeb Kwm ntawm thaj av txij thaum ub los txog rau xyoo 1900
Lo lus "Upper Silesia" pib siv los ntawm XV-XVI centuries, uas yog, los ntawm kev tig ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Hnub Nyoog Tshiab. Nws tau raug hu ua lub sab sauv vim nws nyob rau sab sauv ntawm tus dej Odra. Vim muaj keeb kwm tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj av ntawd, nws lub npe feem ntau siv hauv German, Czech thiab Polish (xws li Silesian dialect).
Keeb kwm ntawm Upper Silesia tsis txaus siab li ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws lossis yav qab teb Ltalis. Civilizations ntawm antiquity tsis tau tuaj ntawm no. Thawj cov neeg tuaj ntawm no txog 800 txhiab dhau los.
In the IX-X century it was part of the Great Moravian state, thenmuaj nyob ze rau Czech koom pheej, thiab tsis mus rau Poland. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 985-990, tus huab tais Polish Mieszko kuv tau tuav nws, Kuv yuav tsum hais tias rau keeb kwm ntawm Poland qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm, zoo li Vladimir kuv Saint rau Kievan Rus. Nws ua kevcai raus dej rau cov Poles thiab nthuav cov ciam teb ntawm nws lub xeev.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI-XIV Upper Silesia yog qhov chaw ntawm kev sib cav ntawm Czech thiab Polish kingdoms, thiab ntawm Polish princes. Qhov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj plaws rau nws cov pejxeem yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Mongol-Tatars hauv 1241. Tsis ntev tom qab kev ntes ntawm Kyiv, lawv mus txog lub nroog Legnica thiab tua yeej cov tub rog Polish ntawm Henry II.
Hauv xyoo 1348, tus huab tais Czech nto moo tshaj plaws, Charles IV, tau muab Upper Silesia rau nws cov khoom. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws tias thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv lub tebchaws tau tsim thiab tsim lub npe nrov Charles Choj.
Nyob rau xyoo 1526, thaj av ntawd tau los nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Habsburg dynasty, uas los ntawm lawv lub nroog (Vienna) kav nws mus txog rau xyoo 1740, txog thaum lawv poob ob qho kev tsov rog nrog Prussia. Yog tias koj saib daim ntawv qhia niaj hnub ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nws tsis meej tam sim ntawd lub teb chaws Prussia yog hom twg. Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII-XIX centuries, mus txog rau 1871, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm ib feem ntawm niaj hnub lub teb chaws Yelemees, Poland (sab qaum teb-western av), Russia thiab Lithuania. Cov cheeb tsam Kaliningrad thiab Klaipeda yog ib feem ntawm Prussia txij thaum 1525.
Muaj ib ntu nthuav hauv keeb kwm ntawm Prussia: xyoo 1760 nws lub peev (Berlin) tau nyob los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias rau lub sijhawm luv. Nyob rau hauv lub "Prussian" thiab "German" (los ntawm 1871 txog 1918) lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Upper Silesia, kev lag luam tau tsim, railways thiab mines raug tsim, thiabPolish national zog. Piv txwv li, thawj tus thawj tswj hwm Polish tau tshwm sim hauv Reichstag xyoo 1903.
Upper Silesia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th
Nyob rau xyoo 1919-1922 thaj av ntawd yog qhov muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Czech koom pheej, lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Poland. Nws dim peb txoj kev tawm tsam Polish. Yog li ntawd, lub cheeb tsam tau muab faib. Ib feem ntawm nws tau los ua Silesian Voivodeship ntawm Poland, thiab lwm qhov tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas yog hu ua Weimar Republic. Lub koom pheej suav nrog thaj av hu ua "Lub Xeev Dawb ntawm Prussia", yog li ntawd, lub xeev Prussian ntawm Upper Silesia tau sawv hauv nws cov khoom sib xyaw.
Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov neeg German raug ntiab tawm mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees. Thaj chaw ntawm Upper Silesia tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm Poland thiab Czechoslovakia. Feem ntau nws mus rau Poles li Opole Voivodeship. Yog li ntawd, thaum mus ncig teb chaws Poland, cov neeg uas xav mus xyuas Upper Silesia yuav tsum tau mus rau lub nroog ntawm Opole thiab Katowice. Lawv txaus siab rau lawv tus kheej txoj cai thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov chaw pib rau kev mus ncig hauv cheeb tsam.
Lub Nroog Opole thiab nws cov attractions
Ib lub nroog me me nrog cov pej xeem ntawm 130 txhiab tus neeg. Nws tus chij yog nthuav vim nws zoo li ib tug inverted Ukrainian ib tug. Zoo li txhua lub chaw hauv cheeb tsam, nws muaj ntau lub tsev teev ntuj zoo nkauj - Catholic pawg ntseeg sib txawv xyoo:
- Cathedral. Ua ke nrog Gothic yees, nws qhov siab yog 73 meters.
- Baroque pawg ntseeg ntawm Vaj Ntsujplig. Ua thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th.
- Church of St. Sebastian. Ua nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib tug tavern qhov twg tus kab mob plague pib nyob rau hauv 1680.
- Church of St. Wojciech. Lub nroog qub tshaj plaws, paub txij li xyoo pua 10th, tab sis niaj hnub Baroque tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.
Dhau li ntawm no, muaj lwm yam khoom nthuav:
- Tsoom Vaj ntawm lub tsev fuabtais Piast. Qhov siab - 42 meters. Tseem tshuav ntawm lub tsev fuabtais xyoo pua 12.
- Lub Nroog. Cov tub ntxhais hluas lub tsev nyob rau hauv 1864, rebuilt nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub Florentine palace. Ib lub nroog txawv txawv tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Poland.
- Neogothic dej pej thuam.
- Ceres Fountain.
- Zooological Garden.
- Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Silesia. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm hauv nroog hauv tebchaws Russia.
- Open Air Museum. Nws nta cov tsev nyob deb nroog nyob rau hauv lub zos style ntawm architecture. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm Vitoslavits hauv Russia.
- Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Polish Nkauj. Lub nroog tab tom tuav nkauj koob tsheej.
- Modern Art Gallery.
pom dab tsi hauv Katowice?
Nws loj dua nws cov neeg zej zog, muaj txog 300 txhiab tus neeg nyob. Nws qhov chaw keeb kwm txawv ntawm lwm lub nroog hauv tebchaws Poland vim nws yuav luag tsis muaj tus sawv cev ntawm Gothic, Baroque thiab Renaissance. Nws tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov tig ntawm 19th-20th centuries, yog li ntawd, xws li cov qauv ntawm architecture li Neo-Renaissance, Eclecticism, Functionalism thiab Art Nouveau yog sawv cev.
Nyob hauv Katowice koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau cov khoom xws li:
- Silesian Parliament Tsev.
- Church of St. Mary.
- Altus Skyscraper.
- Parachute ntauwd,tsuas yog ib qho hauv tebchaws Poland.
- Model tsev cia puav pheej (lub nroog, voivodships, archdioceses), nrog rau tsheb thiab computer tsev cia puav pheej.
Lub nroog twg hauv Upper Silesia tsim nyog mus xyuas?
Muaj ntau lub nroog me me uas ntxim nyiam nyob ib ncig ntawm Opole thiab Katowice. Piv txwv li, Racibórz, uas tuaj yeem hu ua Ratibor. Ntau lub tuam tsev monuments tau khaws cia rau ntawd: cov tsev teev ntuj, lub tsev fuabtais ntawm cov thawj coj hauv zos, lub tsev loj cuj, cov tsev neo-Renaissance. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv zos nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Gothic.
Los ntawm Opole ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau hauv zos (zoo ib yam li lub tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob) koj tuaj yeem caij mus rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob, ntawm Wroclaw, mus rau lub nroog Brzeg. Nws tau muab txhais ua "Puam", raws li nws nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm Odra River. Nws muaj qhov chaw zoo nkauj keeb kwm nrog lub tsev fuabtais thiab lub nroog hauv xyoo pua 16.
Los ntawm Katowice nws tsim nyog mus rau Gliwice, qhov chaw uas muaj ib lub xov tooj cua tshwj xeeb ntoo. Lub nroog kuj muaj ib lub tsev fuabtais thiab ib lub qhov dej qub nrog cov seev cev.
