Cov khoom plig Nobel hauv Chemistry tau muab khoom plig txij li xyoo 1901. Nws thawj tus yeej yog Jacob van't Hoff. Tus kws tshawb fawb no tau txais ib qho khoom plig rau cov kev cai ntawm osmotic siab thiab tshuaj dynamics pom los ntawm nws. Ntawm chav kawm, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua qhia txog tag nrho cov laureates nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tsab xov xwm. Peb mam li tham txog cov nto moo tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov uas tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los.
Ernest Rutherford
Ib tus kws tshuaj muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws yog Ernest Rutherford. Nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv xyoo 1908 rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev lwj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no yog 1871-1937. Nws yog tus kws kho mob Askiv thiab kws kho mob yug hauv New Zealand. Vim nws txoj kev vam meej thaum kawm hauv Nelson College, nws tau txais nyiaj pab kawm ntawv uas tso cai rau nws mus rau Christchurch, New Zealand lub nroog uas Canterbury College nyob. Nyob rau hauv 1894, Rutherford tau los ua ib tug bachelor of science. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txais nyiaj pabcuam los ntawm University of Cambridge hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab tsiv mus rau lub tebchaws no.
Xyoo 1898, Rutherford pib ua cov kev sim tseem ceeb ntsig txognrog radioactive uranium. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, ob ntawm nws hom tau pom los ntawm nws: alpha rays thiab beta rays. Tus qub nkag mus tsuas yog luv luv, thaum lub tom kawg nkag mus ntau dua. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, Rutherford pom tias thorium emits cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb. Nws hu qhov tshwm sim no "emanation" (emission).
Kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau pom tias actinium thiab radium kuj emanate. Rutherford, raws li nws qhov kev tshawb pom, tau los txog qhov tseem ceeb. Nws pom tias alpha thiab beta rays tawm tag nrho cov xov tooj cua. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov xov tooj cua txo qis tom qab qee lub sijhawm. Raws li qhov kev tshawb pom, qhov kev xav tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua tau. Tag nrho cov xov tooj cua uas paub txog science, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb tau xaus lus, suav nrog tib tsev neeg ntawm cov atoms, thiab qhov txo qis hauv cov xov tooj cua tuaj yeem coj los ua lub hauv paus rau lawv qhov kev faib tawm.
Marie Curie (Sklodowska)
Thawj tus poj niam tau yeej Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry yog Marie Curie. Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1911. Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry tau muab tsub rau nws rau kev tshawb pom ntawm polonium thiab radium, kev cais ntawm radium, thiab rau kev kawm txog cov tebchaw thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub caij kawg. Maria yug hauv tebchaws Poland, tom qab qee lub sijhawm nws tsiv mus rau Fabkis. Lub xyoo ntawm nws lub neej yog 1867-1934. Curie yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel tsis yog hauv chemistry nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj hauv physics (hauv xyoo 1903, ua ke nrog Pierre Curie thiab Henri Becquerel).
Marie Curie tau ntsib qhov tseeb tias cov poj niam hauv nws lub sijhawmtxoj kev mus rau science tau xyaum kaw. Lawv tsis tau nkag mus rau Warsaw University. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsev neeg Curie yog neeg pluag. Txawm li cas los xij, Maria tau kawm tiav hauv Paris.
Qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Marie Curie
Henri Becquerel nrhiav pom hauv xyoo 1896 tias uranium tebchaw tso tawm hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem nkag mus tob. Becquerel hluav taws xob, tsis zoo li qhov pom los ntawm W. Roentgen hauv xyoo 1895, tsis yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm excitation los ntawm qee qhov chaw sab nraud. Nws yog ib qho khoom ntiag tug ntawm uranium. Mary xav txog qhov tshwm sim no. Thaum ntxov 1898, nws pib kawm nws. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau sim txiav txim siab seb puas muaj lwm yam tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm los tawm cov rays no. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1898, Pierre thiab Marie Curie nrhiav tau 2 lub ntsiab lus tshiab. Lawv tau hu ua radium thiab polonium (nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm Mary lub teb chaws ntawm Poland). Qhov no tau ua raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv qhov kev sib cais thiab kawm txog lawv cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv 1910, ua ke nrog André Debirne, Maria cais radium hlau nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Yog li, kev tshawb fawb lub voj voog pib 12 xyoo dhau los tau ua tiav.
Linus Carl Pauling
Tus txiv neej no yog ib tus kws tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws. Nws tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel xyoo 1954 rau kev kawm txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, nrog rau kev siv nws los piav qhia cov qauv ntawm cov tebchaw.
Pauling xyoo - 1901-1994. Nws yug hauv Tebchaws Meskas, hauv xeev Oregon (Portland). Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, Pauling tau kawm X-ray crystallography ntev. Nws xav paub yuav ua li cas cov rays dhau los ntawm cov siv lead ua thiab cov yam ntxwvduab. Los ntawm daim duab no nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab cov qauv atomic ntawm cov khoom sib xws. Siv txoj kev no, tus kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog qhov kev sib cog lus hauv benzene, nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj tsw qab.
Xyoo 1928, Pauling tau tsim txoj kev xav ntawm hybridization (resonance) ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas uas tshwm sim hauv cov tshuaj tsw qab. Xyoo 1934, tus kws tshawb fawb tau tig nws lub siab rau biochemistry, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau biochemistry ntawm cov protein. Ua ke nrog A. Mirsky, nws tsim txoj kev xav ntawm cov protein ua haujlwm thiab cov qauv. Ua ke nrog C. Corwell, tus kws tshawb fawb no tau kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm oxygen saturation (oxygenation) ntawm cov khoom sib nqus ntawm hemoglobin protein. Xyoo 1942, tus kws tshawb fawb tau hloov pauv cov qauv tshuaj ntawm globulins (cov protein pom hauv cov ntshav). Xyoo 1951, Pauling, ua ke nrog R. Corey, tau luam tawm ib txoj haujlwm ntawm cov qauv molecular ntawm cov proteins. Nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm 14 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Siv X-ray crystallography los kawm cov proteins hauv cov leeg nqaij, plaub hau, plaub hau, rau tes thiab lwm yam ntaub so ntswg, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov tseem ceeb. Lawv pom tias amino acid chains nyob rau hauv cov proteins yog twisted rau hauv ib tug helix. Qhov no yog qhov ua tau zoo hauv biochemistry.
S. Hinshelwood thiab N. Semenov
Tej zaum koj yuav xav paub yog tias muaj Lavxias Nobel nqi zog yeej hauv chemistry. Txawm hais tias qee tus ntawm peb cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws tau raug xaiv tsa rau qhov khoom plig no, tsuas yog N. Semenov tau txais nws. Ua ke nrog Hinshelwood, nws tau txais nqi zog rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Tshuaj hauv xyoo 1956.
Hinshelwood - Tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1897-1967). Nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm ntawm cov saw hlaucov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws tshawb xyuas homogeneous tsom xam nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hom no.
Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1896-1986) - Lavxias teb sab chemist thiab physicist keeb kwm los ntawm lub nroog Saratov. Thawj qhov teeb meem kev tshawb fawb uas nyiam nws yog ionization ntawm cov pa roj. Tus kws tshawb fawb, thaum tseem yog menyuam kawm ntawv qib siab, tau sau thawj tsab xov xwm ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov molecules thiab electrons. Tom qab qee lub sij hawm, nws pib kawm tob txog cov txheej txheem ntawm recombination thiab dissociation. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau txaus siab rau qhov molecular yam ntawm vapor condensation thiab adsorption tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom nto. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua los ntawm nws tau ua kom pom qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm qhov ua kom cov dej ntws tawm thiab qhov vapor ntom. Xyoo 1934, tus kws tshawb fawb tau luam tawm ib daim ntawv uas nws tau ua pov thawj tias muaj ntau yam kev cuam tshuam, suav nrog polymerization, pib siv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ceg ntoo lossis cov saw hlau.
Robert Burns Woodward
Txhua tus Nobel Laureates hauv Chemistry tau ua haujlwm zoo rau kev tshawb fawb, tab sis R. Woodward sawv tawm tshwj xeeb. Nws qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb heev txawm tias niaj hnub no. Tus kws tshawb fawb no tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel xyoo 1965. Nws tau txais nws rau nws txoj kev koom tes rau thaj tsam ntawm cov organic synthesis. Lub xyoo ntawm Robert lub neej yog 1917-1979. Nws yug los nyob rau teb chaws USA, nyob rau hauv lub American nroog ntawm Boston, nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Massachusetts.
Woodward ua nws thawj qhov kev ua tiav hauv thaj chaw ntawm chemistry thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, thaum nws yog tus kws pab tswv yim rau Polaroid Corporation. Vim yog tsov rog, muaj quinine tsis txaus. Nws yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malarial uas tau siv los tsim cov lo ntsiab muag. Woodward thiab W. Doering, nws cov npoj yaig, siv cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo, twb tau ua haujlwm tom qab 14 lub hlis ua haujlwm tau ua tiav cov synthesis ntawm quinine.
Peb xyoos tom qab, ua ke nrog Schramm, tus kws tshawb fawb no tau tsim cov protein analog los ntawm kev sib txuas cov amino acids rau hauv cov saw ntev. Cov txiaj ntsig polypeptides tau siv los tsim cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov yas. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog lawv cov kev pab, cov protein metabolism pib kawm. Woodward xyoo 1951 pib ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm steroids. Ntawm cov tebchaw tau txais yog lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, lysergic acid, vitamin B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. Tom qab ntawd, ntau lub tebchaw tau txais los ntawm nws thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Ciba Corporation Institute, uas nws yog tus thawj coj, tau pib siv rau hauv kev lag luam. Nephalosporin C yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov no. Nws yog hom tshuaj tua kab mob penicillin uas yog siv los tiv thaiv cov kab mob sib kis los ntawm cov kab mob.
Peb cov npe Nobel Laureates hauv Chemistry yuav raug hloov kho nrog cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau txais nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, nyob rau xyoo kaum ob.
A. Suzuki, E. Negishi, R. Heck
Cov kws tshawb fawb no tau txais txiaj ntsig los tsim txoj hauv kev tshiab los txuas cov pa roj carbon atoms rau ib leeg los tsim cov molecules nyuaj. Lawv tau txais 2010 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry. Hyuk thiab Negishi yog neeg Amelikas, thaum Akiro Suzuki yog neeg Nyij Pooj. Lawv lub hom phiaj yog los tsim cov organic molecules complex. Hauv tsev kawm ntawv peb kawm txoghais tias cov organic tebchaw muaj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas tsim lub skeleton ntawm lub molecule. Tau ntev, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog tias carbon atoms nyuaj ua ke nrog lwm cov atoms. Vim lub catalyst ua los ntawm palladium, nws muaj peev xwm daws tau qhov teeb meem no. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov catalyst, carbon atoms pib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, tsim complex organic qauv. Cov txheej txheem no tau kawm los ntawm xyoo no tus Nobel Prize winners hauv chemistry. Yuav luag ib txhij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv npe tom qab cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav.
R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka
Lefkowitz (daim duab saum toj no), Kobilka thiab Karplus yog cov yeej ntawm 2012 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry. Qhov khoom plig tau mus rau peb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb no rau lawv txoj kev kawm ntawm G-protein-coupled receptors. Robert Lefkowitz yog neeg xam xaj Asmeskas yug rau lub Plaub Hlis 15, 1943. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb yog mob siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm bioreceptors thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm lawv cov teeb liab. Lefkowitz tau piav qhia meej txog kev ua haujlwm zoo, qauv thiab ntu ntawm β-adrenergic receptors, nrog rau 2 hom kev tswj hwm cov proteins: β-arrestins thiab GRK kinases. Tus kws tshawb fawb no nyob rau xyoo 1980, nrog rau cov npoj yaig, cloned lub noob lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm β-adrenergic receptor.
B. Kobilka yog ib tug neeg nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Nws yug hauv Little Falls, Minnesota. Tom qab kawm tiav, tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Lefkowitz.
Lub 2012 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry kuj tau muab rau M. Karplus. Nws yug hauv Vienna xyoo 1930. Karplus yoglos ntawm ib tsev neeg Yudais uas tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, khiav tawm ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm Nazis. Lub ntsiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no yog nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, quantum chemistry thiab kinetics ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj.
M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Warshel
Tam sim no cia peb mus rau 2013 cov neeg yeej khoom plig. Cov kws tshawb fawb Karplus (daim duab hauv qab no), Warshel thiab Levitt tau txais nws rau lawv cov qauv ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj complex.
M. Levitt yug hauv South Africa xyoo 1947. Thaum nws muaj 16 xyoo, Michael tsev neeg tsiv mus rau UK. Hauv London, nws nkag mus rau King's College hauv 1967 thiab tom qab ntawd txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm hauv University of Cambridge. Nws txoj haujlwm ntawm Laboratory of Molecular Biology ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv no tau txuas nrog kev tsim cov qauv ntawm cov qauv spatial ntawm tRNA. Michael yog suav hais tias yog ib tus tsim ntawm kev ua qauv hauv computer thiab kawm txog cov qauv ntawm ntau cov protein molecules (feem ntau yog cov proteins).
Xyoo 2013 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry kuj tau muab rau Ari Warschel. Nws yug hauv Palestine xyoo 1940. Xyoo 1958-62. nws tau ua tus thawj coj hauv Ixayees Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv thiab tom qab ntawd pib nws txoj kev kawm ntawm lub koom haum Jerusalem. Xyoo 1970-72. nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm Weizmann lub koom haum ua tus pab xibfwb, thiab txij li xyoo 1991 los ua tus xibfwb ntawm biology thiab chemistry hauv Southern California. Warshall suav hais tias yog ib tus tsim ntawm kev suav enzymology, ib ceg ntawm biology. Nws tau koom nrog kev kawm txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov qauv ntawm cov catalytic nkaus, nrog rau cov qauv ntawm cov enzyme molecules.
Sh. Hell, E. Betzig thiab W. Merner
Lub 2014 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry tau muab tsub rau Merner, Betzig thiab Hell. Cov kws tshawb fawb no tau tsim txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm microscopy uas dhau lub peev xwm ntawm lub teeb tsom iav peb tau siv los. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm ua rau peb xav txog txoj hauv kev ntawm cov molecules hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia. Piv txwv li, ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem no, nws tuaj yeem ua tau los saib xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm cov proteins lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Parkinson's thiab Alzheimer's kab mob. Tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb no tau siv ntau ntxiv hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab tshuaj.
Hell yug hauv 1962 hauv Romania. Tam sim no nws yog neeg xam xaj German. Eric Betzig yug hauv 1960 hauv Michigan. William Merner yug hauv 1953 hauv California.
Ntuj raug txim tau ua haujlwm ntawm STED microscopy raws li qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim tshwm sim txij li xyoo 1990. Thawj lub laser nyob rau hauv nws zoo siab mus txog rau thaum cov tsos ntawm ib tug fluorescent glow sau npe los ntawm lub receiver. Lwm lub laser yog siv los txhim kho qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub cuab yeej. Merner thiab Betzig, Hell cov npoj yaig, ntawm nws tus kheej ua lawv tus kheej kev tshawb fawb, tau tsim lub hauv paus rau lwm hom kev tsom xam. Peb tab tom tham txog microscopy ntawm ib qho molecules.
T. Lindahl, P. Modric thiab Aziz Sanjar
Lub 2015 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry tau muab tsub rau Swedish Lindahl, American Modric thiab Turk Sandjar. Cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau muab cov khoom plig ntawm nws tus kheej tau piav qhia thiab piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem uas cov hlwb "hloov" DNA thiab tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv caj ces los ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Qhov no yog vim li cas lawv thiaj li tau txais 2015 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry.xyoo.
Cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1960 tau ntseeg tias cov molecules no muaj zog heev thiab nyob twj ywm tsis hloov pauv mus rau lub neej. Ua nws txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm Karolinska lub koom haum, biochemist Lindahl (yug xyoo 1938) tau pom tias ntau yam tsis xws luag hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm DNA. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim los ntawm qhov "kho" ntawm DNA molecules tau ua. Lindahl hauv xyoo 1974 pom ib qho enzyme uas tshem tawm cov cytosine puas ntawm lawv. Hauv xyoo 1980 thiab 1990, tus kws tshawb fawb uas tau tsiv mus rau UK thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tau qhia tias glycosylase ua haujlwm li cas. Qhov no yog ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov enzymes uas ua haujlwm ntawm thawj theem ntawm kev kho DNA. Tus kws tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm rov tsim cov txheej txheem no hauv chav kuaj (lub npe hu ua "excision repair").
Lwm 2015 Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry tsim nyog mloog. Aziz Sanjar yug hauv 1946 hauv Turkey. Nws tau txais kev kho mob degree hauv Istanbul, tom qab ntawd nws tau ua haujlwm ntau xyoo ua tus kws kho mob nyob deb nroog. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1973, Aziz tau xav txog biochemistry. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau raug ntaus los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov kab mob, tom qab tau txais ib koob tshuaj ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob uas ua rau tuag taus rau lawv, sai sai rov qab lawv lub zog yog tias irradiation yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv xiav spectrum ntawm qhov pom ntau yam. Twb tau nyob hauv chav kuaj hauv Texas, Sanjar tau txheeb xyuas thiab cloned cov noob rau ib qho enzyme uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau tshem tawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob (photolyase). Qhov kev tshawb pom no hauv xyoo 1970 tsis tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntau hauv Asmeskas cov tsev kawm qib siab, thiab tus kws tshawb fawb tau mus rau Yale. Nws nyob ntawm no uas nws tau piav qhia txog qhov thib ob rau "kho" cov hlwb tom qab lawv tau raug ultraviolet lub teeb.
Paul Modric (yug xyoo 1946) yug hauv Tebchaws Meskas (New Mexico). Nws nrhiav tau ib txoj hauv kev uas, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev faib cell, yuam kev uas tshwm sim hauv DNA thaum lub sij hawm faib tau raug kho.
Yog li peb twb paub tias leej twg yeej 2015 Nobel nqi zog hauv Chemistry. Nws tsuas yog xav tias leej twg yuav tau txais qhov khoom plig no rau xyoo tom ntej, 2016. Kuv xav ntseeg tias yav tom ntej, cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev tseem yuav sawv tawm, thiab cov tshiab Nobel Prize yeej hauv chemistry los ntawm Russia yuav tshwm sim.
