Tus Nobel nqi zog tau txais thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1901. Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, lub commission txhua xyoo xaiv tus kws tshaj lij uas zoo tshaj plaws uas tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb nrhiav tau los yog tsim ib qho invention nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav qhuas nws nrog ib tug honorary khoom plig. Daim ntawv teev npe ntawm Nobel cov khoom plig me ntsis ntau tshaj li cov xyoo cov khoom plig tau tuav, vim qee zaum ob lossis peb tus neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig tib lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov tsim nyog sau cia nyias.
Igor Tamm
Tus kws kho mob Lavxias teb sab, tus yeej Nobel nqi zog, yug hauv nroog Vladivostok hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus kws tshaj lij pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv 1901, tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Ukraine, nyob rau hauv uas Igor Evgenievich Tamm kawm tiav high school, tom qab uas nws mus kawm nyob rau hauv Edinburgh. Xyoo 1918, nws tau txais daim diploma los ntawm Physics Department of Moscow State University.
Tom qab ntawd, nws pib qhia, thawj zaug hauv Simferopol, tom qab ntawd hauv Odessa, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv 1934 nws tau txais lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub taub hau ntawm theoretical physics sector ntawm lub Lebedev lub koom haum, qhov uas nws ua hauj lwm mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej. Igor Evgenievich Tamm tau kawm txog electrodynamics ntawm cov khib nyiab, nrog rau cov khoom siv kho qhov muag ntawm cov muaju. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, nws thawj zaug qhia lub tswv yim ntawm quantasuab nrov. Relativistic mechanics yog qhov tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, thiab Tamm muaj peev xwm sim paub meej cov tswv yim uas tsis tau muaj pov thawj ua ntej. Nws cov kev tshawb pom tau ua pov thawj tias tseem ceeb heev. Xyoo 1958, txoj haujlwm tau lees paub hauv ntiaj teb: ua ke nrog cov npoj yaig Cherenkov thiab Frank, nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog.
Otto Stern
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia ib tus kws tshaj lij ntxiv uas tau pom muaj peev xwm txawv tshaj plaw rau kev sim. German-American physicist, Nobel laureate Otto Stern yug thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1888 hauv Sorau (tam sim no nws yog Polish nroog Zori). Stern kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv Breslau, thiab tom qab ntawd kawm txog natural sciences ntawm German universities tau ntau xyoo. Xyoo 1912, nws tiv thaiv nws daim ntawv thesis kws kho mob, thiab Einstein tau los ua tus saib xyuas ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tiav.
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, Otto Stern tau tsim los rau hauv tub rog, tab sis nyob ntawd nws txuas ntxiv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm quantum theory. Los ntawm 1914 txog 1921 nws tau ua haujlwm hauv University of Frankfurt, qhov chaw uas nws tau ua haujlwm rau kev sim kev pom zoo ntawm molecular motion. Nws yog thaum ntawd nws tau ua tiav hauv kev tsim cov qauv ntawm atomic beams, lub npe hu ua Stern sim. Nyob rau hauv 1923 nws tau txais ib tug xibfwb nyob rau hauv University of Hamburg. Xyoo 1933, nws tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Semitism thiab raug yuam kom tsiv tawm ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, qhov chaw nws tau txais kev ua pej xeem. Xyoo 1943, nws tau koom nrog cov npe ntawm Nobel Prize yeej rau nws txoj kev koom tes loj rau kev txhim kho ntawm txoj kev nqaj hlau molecular thiab nrhiav pom lub sijhawm sib nqus ntawm cov proton. Txij li thaum xyoo 1945 nws tau ua tswv cuab ntawm National Academy of Sciences. Txij xyoo 1946nyob rau hauv Berkeley, qhov chaw uas nws tas nws hnub nyob rau hauv 1969.
Aw. Chamberlain
Tus kws kho mob Asmeskas Asmeskas Owen Chamberlain yug thaum Lub Xya Hli 10, 1920 hauv San Francisco. Ua ke nrog Emilio Segre, nws tau ua haujlwm hauv quantum physics. Cov npoj yaig tau tswj hwm kom ua tiav qhov tseem ceeb thiab ua qhov kev tshawb pom: lawv nrhiav pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Xyoo 1959 lawv tau pom thoob ntiaj teb thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics. Txij li xyoo 1960, Chamberlain tau nkag mus rau National Academy of Sciences ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Ua haujlwm ntawm Harvard ua tus xibfwb, tau xaus nws hnub ntawm Berkeley thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2006.
Niels Bohr
Me ntsis Nobel nqi zog yeej hauv physics muaj npe nrov li tus kws tshawb fawb Danish no. Hauv kev nkag siab, nws tuaj yeem raug hu ua tus tsim kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Tsis tas li ntawd, Niels Bohr tau tsim lub koom haum rau Theoretical Physics hauv Copenhagen. Nws muaj lub tswv yim ntawm lub atom, raws li cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nrog rau cov postulates. Nws tsim cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm atomic nucleus thiab nuclear kev xav, ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm natural science. Txawm hais tias nws txaus siab rau cov qauv ntawm cov khoom, nws tawm tsam lawv siv rau kev ua tub rog. Lub neej yav tom ntej physicist tau kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv sau ntawv, qhov chaw uas nws tau los ua nto moo raws li ib tug avid football player. Nws tau txais lub koob npe nrov ua tus kws tshawb fawb muaj txiaj ntsig thaum muaj hnub nyoog nees nkaum peb, tau kawm tiav los ntawm University of Copenhagen. Nws txoj haujlwm kawm tiav tau txais txiaj ntsig kub. Niels Bohr tau thov kom txiav txim siab qhov nro ntawm cov dej los ntawm kev vibrations ntawm lub dav hlau. Los ntawm 1908 txog 1911 nws ua haujlwm ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj. Ces tsiv musEngland, qhov chaw nws ua haujlwm nrog Joseph John Thomson, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog Ernest Rutherford. Ntawm no nws tau ua nws qhov kev sim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas ua rau nws tau txais khoom plig xyoo 1922. Tom qab ntawd, nws rov qab mus rau Copenhagen, qhov chaw nws nyob mus txog thaum nws tuag xyoo 1962.
Lev Landau
Soviet physicist, tus yeej Nobel nqi zog, yug hauv 1908. Landau tsim kev ua haujlwm zoo heev hauv ntau qhov chaw: nws kawm cov hlau nplaum, superconductivity, atomic nuclei, elementary particles, electrodynamics thiab ntau ntxiv. Ua ke nrog Evgeny Lifshitz, nws tsim ib chav kawm classical hauv theoretical physics. Nws biography yog nthuav rau nws txoj kev loj hlob sai heev: twb thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum peb, Landau nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Ib pliag nws kawm chemistry, tab sis tom qab ntawd txiav txim siab los kawm physics. Txij li thaum xyoo 1927 nws yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm tiav hauv Ioffe Leningrad Institute. Contemporaries nco ntsoov nws raws li ib tug ntse, ntse neeg, nquag rau kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb. Txoj kev qhuab qhia tus kheej nruj tshaj plaws tau tso cai rau Landau ua tiav. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv ntau heev uas nws txawm pom lawv thaum hmo ntuj hauv nws pw tsaug zog. Nws txoj kev mus ncig ua si txawv teb chaws kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog kev mus ntsib Niels Bohr Lub Tsev Haujlwm rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb, thaum tus kws tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm sib tham txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab rau nws ntawm qib siab tshaj plaws. Landau suav hais tias nws tus kheej yog ib tug tub kawm ntawm Dane nto moo.
Nyob rau xyoo 30s, tus kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau ntsib Stalinist repressions. Lub physicist muaj lub sij hawm kom dim ntawm Kharkov, qhov chaw uas nws nyob nrog nws tsev neeg. Qhov no tsis pab, thiab xyoo 1938 nws raug ntes. Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb tau tig mus rau Stalin, thiab xyoo 1939 Landau raug tso tawm. Tom qab ntawd, tau ntau xyoo nws tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb. Xyoo 1962 nws tau suav nrog Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics. Pawg neeg xaiv tsa tau xaiv nws rau nws txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev kawm txog cov teeb meem condensed, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kua helium. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws raug kev txom nyem tragic, tsoo nrog ib tug tsheb thauj khoom. Tom qab ntawd, nws nyob tau rau xyoo. Lavxias teb sab physicists, Nobel nqi zog yeej tsis tshua muaj kev lees paub xws li Lev Landau muaj. Txawm tias muaj txoj hmoo nyuaj, nws paub tag nrho nws txoj kev npau suav thiab tsim ib txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev tshawb fawb.
Max Born
German physicist, Nobel nqi zog yeej, theorist thiab tus tsim ntawm quantum mechanics yug hauv 1882. Tus sau yav tom ntej ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo, electrodynamics, philosophical teeb meem, dej kinetics thiab ntau lwm tus ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab hauv tsev. Nws tau txais nws thawj txoj kev kawm hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv sau ntawv nrog kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov lus. Tom qab tsev kawm ntawv nws nkag mus hauv University of Breslau. Thaum nws kawm, nws tau mus kawm cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm cov kws ua lej nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - Felix Klein, David Hilbert thiab Hermann Minkowski. Nyob rau hauv 1912 nws tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm ua Privatdozen nyob rau hauv Göttingen, thiab nyob rau hauv 1914 nws mus rau Berlin. Txij li xyoo 1919 nws tau ua haujlwm hauv Frankfurt ua tus xibfwb. Ntawm nws cov npoj yaig yog Otto Stern, yav tom ntej Nobel nqi zog yeej, uas peb twb tau tham txog. Hauv nws tej hauj lwm, Yug tau piav txog cov khoom khib nyiab thiab quantum txoj kev xav. Nws tuaj rau qhov xav tau kev txhais lus tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev-yoj qhov xwm txheej. Nws ua pov thawj tiascov kev cai ntawm physics ntawm microcosm tuaj yeem hu ua statistical thiab hais tias yoj ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau txhais raws li ntau qhov nyuaj. Tom qab Nazis tau los ua hwj chim, nws tsiv mus rau Cambridge. Nws rov qab mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees tsuas yog xyoo 1953, thiab tau txais Nobel nqi zog hauv xyoo 1954. Nyob mus ib txhis tseem nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm physics raws li ib qho ntawm cov kws tshaj lij theorists ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Enrico Fermi
Tsis muaj ntau tus yeej Nobel nqi zog hauv physics tuaj ntawm Ltalis. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nyob ntawd tias Enrico Fermi, tus kws tshaj lij tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tau yug los. Nws tau los ua tus tsim ntawm nuclear thiab neutron physics, nrhiav tau ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv tshawb fawb thiab yog ib tus tswv cuab ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm Soviet Union. Tsis tas li ntawd, Fermi muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm theoretical tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm elementary hais. Xyoo 1938, nws tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, qhov chaw nws nrhiav pom cov xov tooj cua dag thiab tsim thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog. Interestingly, Fermi tau txawv los ntawm ib tug zoo kawg nkaus nco, ua tsaug rau nws tsis tsuas yog los ua ib tug incredibly muaj peev xwm physicist, tab sis kuj sai sai kawm lus txawv teb chaws nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ywj siab, uas nws mus rau hauv ib tug kev qhuab qhia, raws li nws tus kheej system. Cov peev xwm zoo li no tau hu nws tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
Tam sim tom qab kev cob qhia, nws pib qhia txog quantum txoj kev xav, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tsis tau kawm hauv tebchaws Ltalis. Nws thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj tsam ntawm electrodynamics kuj tsim nyog saib xyuas. Xib fwb Mario yog tsim nyog sau cia rau ntawm Fermi txoj kev mus rau kev vam meejCorbino, uas txaus siab rau cov txuj ci ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab tau los ua nws tus thawj coj hauv University of Rome, muab cov tub ntxhais hluas ua haujlwm zoo. Tom qab tsiv mus rau Asmeskas, nws ua haujlwm hauv Las Alamos thiab Chicago, qhov chaw nws tuag xyoo 1954.
YErwin Schrödinger
Austrian theoretical physicist yug hauv 1887 hauv Vienna, tus tub ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Leej txiv nplua nuj yog lwm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub zos botanical thiab zoological zej zog thiab txij li thaum yau instilled rau nws tus tub muaj kev txaus siab rau science. Txog thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum ib xyoos, Erwin tau kawm hauv tsev, thiab xyoo 1898 nws tau nkag mus rau hauv chav kawm gymnasium. Tom qab kawm tiav nws zoo, nws nkag mus hauv University of Vienna. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ib tug tshwj xeeb lub cev raug xaiv, Schrödinger kuj qhia humanitarian txuj ci: nws paub rau txawv teb chaws lus, sau paj huam thiab to taub cov ntaub ntawv. Kev ua tiav hauv cov kev tshawb fawb tseeb tau tshwm sim los ntawm Fritz Hasenrohl, Erwin tus kws qhia txuj ci. Nws yog nws uas tau pab cov tub ntxhais kawm kom nkag siab tias physics yog nws qhov kev nyiam tshaj plaws. Rau nws daim ntawv pov thawj kws kho mob, Schrödinger tau xaiv qhov kev sim ua haujlwm, uas nws tau tswj hwm kom tiv thaiv tau zoo. Ua hauj lwm pib ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, lub sij hawm uas tus kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog atmospheric hluav taws xob, optics, acoustics, xim txoj kev xav thiab quantum physics. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1914 nws tau pom zoo los ua ib tug pab xibfwb, uas tso cai rau nws mus qhia. Tom qab tsov rog, xyoo 1918, nws pib ua haujlwm ntawm Jena Physics Institute, qhov chaw nws ua haujlwm nrog Max Planck thiab Einstein. Xyoo 1921 nws pib qhia hauv Stuttgart, tab sis tom qab ib semester nws tau tsiv mus rau Breslau. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, kuv tau txais kev caw los ntawm Polytechnic hauv Zurich. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1925 thiab 1926 nws tau ua ntau lub kiv puag ncigkev sim, luam tawm ib daim ntawv hu ua "Quantization as an eigenvalue problem". Nws tsim qhov sib npaug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas tseem cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Xyoo 1933 nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog, tom qab ntawd nws raug yuam kom tawm hauv lub tebchaws: cov Nazis tau los ua lub hwj chim. Tom qab tsov rog, nws rov qab los rau Austria, qhov chaw nws nyob tag nrho cov xyoo ntxiv thiab tuag hauv 1961 hauv nws haiv neeg Vienna.
YWilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Tus kws tshawb fawb German nto moo tau yug hauv Lennep ze Düsseldorf xyoo 1845. Tom qab tau txais nws txoj kev kawm ntawm Zurich Polytechnic, nws tau npaj los ua ib tus kws tshaj lij, tab sis pom tau tias nws txaus siab rau kev siv theoretical physics. Nws tau los ua tus pabcuam hauv chav haujlwm ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj, tom qab ntawd tsiv mus rau Giessen. Los ntawm 1871 txog 1873 nws ua haujlwm hauv Würzburg. Xyoo 1895, nws nrhiav pom X-rays thiab ua tib zoo kawm lawv cov khoom. Nws yog tus sau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm pyro- thiab piezoelectric zog ntawm cov muaju thiab ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Nws tau los ua tus thawj Nobel nqi zog hauv ntiaj teb no hauv physics, tau txais nws xyoo 1901 rau nws txoj kev koom tes zoo rau kev tshawb fawb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog Roentgen uas ua haujlwm hauv Kundt lub tsev kawm ntawv, dhau los ua tus tsim ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb, koom tes nrog nws cov neeg kawm - Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, Lorentz. Txawm hais tias muaj yeeb koob ntawm tus kws sim ua tiav, nws tau coj lub neej nyob ntsiag to thiab sib txuas lus tshwj xeeb nrog cov pab cuam. Yog li ntawd, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm nws lub tswv yim rau cov kws kho mob uas tsis yog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tau dhau los ua tsis tseem ceeb. Tus kws tshawb fawb me me tsis kam tso npe cov duab hluav taws xob hauv nws txoj kev hwm, hu lawv X-rays tag nrho nws lub neej. Nws muab nws cov nyiaj khwv tau los rau lub xeev thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nruj heev. TuagWilhelm Roentgen Lub Ob Hlis 10, 1923 hauv Munich.
Albert Einstein
Ntiaj teb nto moo physicist yug hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nws tau los ua tus tsim txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab tau sau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm quantum txoj kev xav, yog tus tswv cuab txawv teb chaws ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb. Los ntawm 1893 nws nyob rau hauv Switzerland, thiab nyob rau hauv 1933 nws tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas. Nws yog Einstein uas tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm photon, tsim txoj cai ntawm cov nyhuv photoelectric, thiab kwv yees qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm kev tawm dag zog. Nws tau tsim txoj kev xav ntawm Brownian cov lus tsa suab thiab kev hloov pauv, thiab kuj tau tsim quantum txheeb cais. Ua haujlwm ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm cosmology. Xyoo 1921 nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog rau kev tshawb pom cov cai ntawm cov nyhuv photoelectric. Tsis tas li ntawd, Albert Einstein yog ib tus thawj coj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim lub Xeev Ixayees. Nyob rau hauv lub peb caug xyoo, nws tawm tsam Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab sim ua kom cov nom tswv los ntawm kev ua vwm. Nws txoj kev xav txog qhov teeb meem atomic tsis tau hnov, uas tau los ua qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb lub neej. Xyoo 1955, nws tuag hauv Princeton ntawm aortic aneurysm.
