Quechua yog hom lus ntawm cov neeg Indian ntawm South America, koom nrog pawg lus ntawm tib lub npe. Nws muaj cov neeg hais lus ntau tshaj plaws hauv Asmeskas. Nws tau suav hais tias yog hom lus ntawm lub xeev Chincha ua ntej lub colonization ntawm South America, tom qab - lub xeev ntawm Tahuantinsuyu. Tam sim no, tshaj 14 lab tus tib neeg hais lus Quechua hauv South America. Qee zaum siv hauv Amazon li lingua franca. Hauv Argentina, Ecuador thiab Bolivia, nws yog hu ua "Quichua". Cov niaj hnub version ntawm kev sau ntawv Quechua siv ib tsab ntawv raws li Spanish version ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin thiab cov txheej txheem meej. Nws raug qhia hauv tsev kawm, tab sis tsis yog txhua qhov chaw. Cov tub txib Catholic tau siv cov lus Quechua los hloov cov Neeg Qhab Asmeskas Qab Teb rau kev ntseeg. Raws li SIL kev faib tawm, Quechua cov lus suav suav hais tias yog hom lus sib txawv. Kuskan Quechua yog suav hais tias yog ib hom lus sau ntawv.
keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm
Quechua, ua ke nrog Sura thiab Saimara, qee zaum ua ke ua ib pawg lus "Kecumara". Feem ntau ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv lawv yog zoo tib yam, muaj coincidences nyob rau hauv cov qauv sau ntawv, tab sisnws tsis tuaj yeem rov tsim kho dua qub qub raws li cov ntaub ntawv no. Quechua thiab Aymara belongs rau Araucan linguistic pawg ntawm Andean tsev neeg, lawv zoo ib yam li Arawakan thiab Tupi-Guarani thiab yog ib feem ntawm Amerindian macrofamily.
Quechua ua ntej lub conquest
Thaj chaw qub ntawm Quechua kuj yog me me thiab kwv yees li txuas mus rau Cuso Valley thiab qee thaj chaw ntawm daim duab qhia ntawm Bolivia, coinciding nrog thaj tsam ntawm ib qho ntawm cov lus. Raws li ib txoj kev xav, cov lus pib nthuav tawm los ntawm lub nroog qub ntawm Caral hauv nruab nrab Peru.
Tus Incas, uas tuaj ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj thiab hais lus Capac Simi, txaus siab rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev yooj yim ntawm kev kawm thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm Quechua lus, ua rau nws lub xeev cov lus hauv lawv lub tebchaws. Cov kab lis kev cai Chincha tau tsim muaj kev lag luam thoob plaws hauv thaj chaw ntawm Inca Empire, thiab kev siv Quechua hauv kev lag luam ua rau muaj kev sib kis sai hauv lub xeev. Qhov no tau tso cai rau cov lus hloov pauv sai sai txawm tias nyob hauv thaj chaw deb, piv txwv li, hauv Ecuador niaj hnub no, qhov twg Inca txoj cai tuav tau ob peb xyoo lawm.
thaj chaw faib khoom
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Kipukamayoks-Incas, thaj tsam ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm cov lus Quechuan thiab lawv cov xwm txheej tau txiav txim los ntawm txoj cai lij choj raws li Viracocha Inca hauv XIV-XV centuries. Raws li kev txiav txim, Quichua tau suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv tag nrho lub xeev vim nws lub teeb thiab pom tseeb. Ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Bolivia thiab Peru, thaj tsam ntawm "hais lus ntawm lub roob hav" yog cim raws li thaj tsam ntawm Cusco thiab Charcasi.
Xyaum tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm Tahuantinsuyulos ntawm lub sijhawm cov neeg Spanish colonialists tau tshwm sim, lawv tsis tsuas paub Quechua xwb, tab sis kuj suav tias yog lawv hom lus (ntxiv rau cov nom Uruipukin thiab Inkamiaymara).
1533-1780
Cov tub txib Catholic, coj cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov neeg hauv South America, suav nrog Quechua Khab hauv Peru, txaus siab rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov lus, ntxiv dag zog rau nws txoj haujlwm. Phau Vajlugkub raug muab txhais ua ke, ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau kev tshaj tawm txoj kev ntseeg Christian.
Thaum lub sijhawm Spanish colonization, Quechua khaws cov xwm txheej ntawm ib hom lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam. Txhua tus thawj coj ntawm Viceroy alty ntawm Peru yuav tsum paub nws, cov lus qhuab qhia tau ua rau nws thiab cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub xeev tau kos. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Italian Giovanni Anello Oliva tau sau tseg tias Aymara thiab Quichua tau hais nyob rau hauv lub xeev Cusco, tab sis hauv qee lub zos ntawm Peru, cov lus tau siv uas txawv ntawm ib leeg.
1781 - mid-20th century
Quechua txoj cai tau hloov pauv ntau dhau los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Spanish colonial tom qab swb ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm José Gabriel Condorcanca, feem ntau txhawm rau tiv thaiv thiab tawm tsam kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws uas coj los ntawm cov neeg ntawm Andes. Kev siv pej xeem raug txwv thiab raug rau txim hnyav. Lub zos aristocracy raug tua yuav luag tag, uas cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev khaws cov lus. Tau ntev, nws raug suav hais tias yog lub koob meej me me thiab tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm qis xwb.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm Quechua tsis hloov pauv ntau tom qab kev ywj pheej ntawm Andean lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo 1820, txij li thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Tau ntev, lub zog tau tsom mus rau hauv txhais tes ntawm Creole cov neeg tseem ceeb. Kev qhia lus Quechua rau cov neeg tau rov pib dua xyoo 1938.
Hnub no
Cov nom tswv ntawm Andean lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, sim kom tau txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov neeg coob coob thiab raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tswv yim socialist thiab lub teb chaws liberation zog, pib tsim cov kev pab cuam los kho cov xwm txheej ntawm Quechua. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1975, cov lus tau los ua haujlwm hauv Peru, thaum Lub Yim Hli 1977 - hauv Bolivia. Nws pib tsim TV thiab xov tooj cua, tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm. Tshaj tawm ntau lub xov tooj cua, suav nrog Catholic "Lub Suab ntawm Andes" hauv Ecuador.
Cov lus thiab kev faib tawm
Quechua ib txwm muab faib ua ob pawg lus: Quechua I, tseem hu ua Quechua B lossis Waywash, thiab Quechua II - Quechua A lossis Anpuna. Vim lawv qhov sib txawv ntawm ib leeg, cov lus feem ntau suav hais tias yog hom lus sib txawv.
Quechua kuv cov lus thiab lawv thaj chaw faib khoom
Cov lus ntawm pawg lus no tau muab faib rau hauv thaj chaw me me hauv nruab nrab Peru: los ntawm thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Juninna mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Ancashna. Xws li, nyob rau hauv lub roob roob ntawm cheeb tsam ntawm Icai, Lima thiab Huancavelica thiab ib tug me me ib ncig ntawm lub zos Urpay, nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb cheeb tsam ntawm La Libertad. Cov lus no tau hais los ntawm yuav luag 2 lab tus tib neeg, thaum nws suav hais tias yog pawg lus tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws uas tau khaws cov lus qub qub.
Quechua II pab pawg lus thiab lawv faib
Qhov chaw faib ntawm cov lus no loj heev vim muaj coob tus neeg Quechua-hais lus Indians. Linguists paub qhov txawv ntau pawg ntawm cov lus, muab faib rau sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb:
- II-A, or yunkai. Heterogeneous dialects muaj nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Peru. Lawv muaj 66 txhiab tus neeg. Tib pab pawg suav nrog cov lus ntawm lub zos Pacaraos, nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Huaral, department ntawm Lima, uas niaj hnub no, hmoov tsis, tau poob nws haiv neeg hais lus. Cov lus uas tau teev tseg yog suav tias yog nruab nrab ntawm Quechua I thiab Quechua II, thaum cov lus sab qaum teb yog qhov zoo sib xws nrog Quechua II thiab Quechua II-C, thiab cov lus ntawm lub zos Pacaraos zoo ib yam li Quechua I dialects, txij li nws tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lawv. Raws li qhov pom ntawm qhov no, qee cov lus piav qhia muab rau pawg no, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib ceg ua tiav.
- II-B, or Northern chinchai. Cov lus ntawm pawg neeg no muaj nyob rau sab qaum teb Peru, Ecuador, thaj tsam ntawm Colombia thiab qee thaj tsam ntawm Bolivia. Haiv neeg hais lus - yuav luag 2.5 lab tus tib neeg. Cov lus "tsob hav zoov" ntawm cov lus tau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov lus uas tau siv ua ntej kev sib kis thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Quechua, piv txwv li, Saparo.
- II-C, lossis chinchai sab qab teb. Nws yog hom lus hais hauv Bolivia, Southern Peru, Chile thiab Argentina. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg hais lus yog ntau dua 8.7 lab tus tib neeg. Literary Quechua yog raws li cov lus ntawm pab pawg no, thaum cov lus thiab cov xov tooj ntawm sab qab teb Quechua raug khi rau Aymara.
Quechua lus tau hais dav dav hauv thaj tsam roob ntawm Peru, cov nroog ntug hiav txwv, tshwj xeeb, hauv Lima, lub nroog ntawm lub tebchaws.
Cov pab pawg lus tsuas yog sib tham sib paub tsuas yog qee qhov. Cov neeg hais lus sab qab teb tuaj yeem nkag siab ib leeg. Qhov xwm txheej no zoo ib yam nrog cov neeg hais lus ntawm pawg sab qaum teb ntawm cov lus (nrog rau kev zam ntawm "tsob hav zoov" dialects). Kev nkag siab ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb Quechua yog qhov nyuaj.
Creole lus thiab pidgins
Quechua tau los ua lub hauv paus rau cov lus zais ntawm Callahuaya, uas tau siv los ntawm cov poj niam kho mob. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, nws yog raws li cov lus ntawm ib tug tuag pukin. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov lus Quechua-Spanish Creole suav nrog Quechua cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov lus Mev.
Kev sau ntawv
Tau ntev heev nws tau ntseeg tias Incas tsis muaj lus sau tag nrho. Qhov kev xav no tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg Spanish colonialists, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lawv cov kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Andes. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj pov thawj ua pov thawj tias cov qauv tokaku ntawm cov ntaub thiab ceramics ntawm Incas tau sau. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov tseeb tias Incas khaws lawv cov keeb kwm ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj kub.
Quechua pib sau ua cov tsiaj ntawv Spanish tom qab kev kov yeej, tab sis qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm Spanish thiab Quechua ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau yam thiab tsis sib xws. Tom qab ntau qhov kev hloov kho - xyoo 1975 thiab 1985 - tus qauv tsiaj ntawv ntawm sab qab teb Quechua pib muaj 28 tsab ntawv.
Tam sim no
Quechua, zoo li Aymara thiab Spanish, tau txais lub xeev xwm txheej hauv Bolivia thiab Peru txij li xyoo 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, txij li xyoo 2008.xyoo - nyob rau hauv Ecuador ntawm ib tug par nrog Spanish thiab Shuar. Raws li tsab cai lij choj Colombian, cov lus Amerindian tau txais cov xwm txheej hauv thaj chaw uas lawv tau hais ntau tshaj plaws.
