Cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw hluav taws xob

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw hluav taws xob
Cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw hluav taws xob
Anonim

Cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub chaw hluav taws xob tau kawm los ntawm yuav luag txhua tus kws tshaj lij. Tab sis chav kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv feem ntau sau ua lus nyuaj thiab tsis nkag siab. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tsab xov xwm, cov yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb yuav tau piav nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim txoj kev kom txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem nkag siab lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav xyuam xim tshwj xeeb rau cov ntsiab lus sib cuam tshuam (superposition) thiab qhov muaj peev xwm rau kev txhim kho thaj tsam ntawm physics.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb
yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb

Raws li cov tswv yim niaj hnub no, cov nqi hluav taws xob tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau ib leeg. Ib qho nthuav feature tshwm sim los ntawm qhov no. Yog li, txhua lub cev them nyiaj muaj nws tus kheej hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw ib puag ncig. Nws cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov chaw. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb yog qhov txaus siab rau peb vim lawv qhia cov txiaj ntsig ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab lub zog uas nws tau ua. Dab tsi tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov no? Lub cev raug them tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha. Rau qhov no, hluav taws xob teb yog siv. Lawv tuaj yeem tshawb nrhiav tau li cas? Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj tuaj yeem siv tus nqi ntsuas - me me taw tes particle beam, uas tsis yogyuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm. Yog li dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob? Muaj peb ntawm lawv: nro, nro thiab muaj peev xwm. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab spheres ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom.

hluav taws xob: nws yog dab tsi?

Tab sis ua ntej mus rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kab lus, koj yuav tsum muaj qee yam kev paub. Yog tias lawv yog, ces qhov no tuaj yeem hla kev nyab xeeb. Ua ntej, cia peb xav txog cov lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas rau lub hav zoov ntawm hluav taws xob. Yuav kom nws ua tau, yuav tsum tau them nqi. Ntxiv mus, cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw uas lub cev them nyiaj nyob yuav tsum sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw uas nws tsis muaj nyob. Muaj qhov zoo li no ntawm no: yog tias tus nqi raug muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev sib koom ua ke, ces kev hloov pauv yuav tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, tab sis tsuas yog ntawm qee qhov ceev. Lawv yuav, zoo li nthwv dej, kis mus rau qhov chaw. Qhov no yuav tau nrog los ntawm cov tsos ntawm mechanical rog uas ua rau lwm cov cab kuj nyob rau hauv no coordinate system. Thiab ntawm no peb tuaj rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws! Cov rog uas tshwm sim tsis yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha, tab sis ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig uas tau hloov pauv zoo. Qhov chaw uas qhov kev hloov no tshwm sim yog hu ua hluav taws xob teb.

Ntse

lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb
lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb

Ib tus nqi nyob hauv qhov hluav taws xob txav mus rau qhov kev coj ntawm lub zog uas ua rau nws. Puas muaj peev xwm ua tiav lub xeev ntawm so? Yog, nws yog tiag tiag. Tab sis rau qhov no, lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yuav tsum sib npaug los ntawm qee qhovlwm yam cawv. Sai li qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tshwm sim, tus nqi pib rov pib dua. Cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yuav nyob ntawm lub zog ntau dua. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau ntawm lawv, qhov kawg tshwm sim yuav yog ib yam khoom sib npaug thiab universal. Txhawm rau xav txog qhov koj yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm zoo dua, cov kab ntawm lub zog tau piav qhia. Lawv cov lus qhia sib raug rau cov tub rog ua yeeb yam. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kab ntawm lub zog muaj ob qho tib si pib thiab xaus. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv tsis kaw ntawm lawv tus kheej. Lawv pib ntawm lub cev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab xaus rau qhov tsis zoo. Qhov no tsis yog tag nrho, nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv txog cov kab ntawm lub zog, lawv cov keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab kev siv tswv yim, peb yuav tham me ntsis ntxiv hauv cov ntawv nyeem thiab xav txog lawv ua ke nrog Coulomb txoj cai.

Lub zog hluav taws xob

tus yam ntxwv no yog siv los ntsuas qhov hluav taws xob. Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj heev kom nkag siab. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (lub zog) no yog lub cev muaj zog sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov kev ntsuas zoo, uas nyob ntawm qee qhov chaw hauv qhov chaw, rau nws tus nqi. Muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm no. Lub cev muaj nuj nqis no yog vector. Nws cov kev taw qhia coincides nrog rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog uas ua rau lub zoo kuaj nqi. Koj yuav tsum tau teb ib lo lus nug ntau heev thiab nco ntsoov tias lub zog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob yog precisely qhov kev siv. Thiab yuav ua li cas rau qhov tsis muaj zog thiab tsis hloov pauv? Lawv cov hluav taws xob teb yog suav tias yog electrostatic. Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog ib tug point nqi thiabkev txaus siab rau kev kawm ntawm kev nruj yog muab los ntawm cov kab ntawm quab yuam thiab Coulomb txoj cai. Dab tsi nta muaj nyob ntawm no?

Coulomb Txoj Cai thiab kab ntawm quab yuam

lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb
lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob hauv qhov no tsuas yog ua haujlwm rau tus nqi taw tes xwb, uas nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm qee lub vojvoog ntawm nws. Thiab yog tias peb coj tus nqi no modulo, ces peb yuav muaj Coulomb teb. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov kev taw qhia ntawm vector ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov kos npe ntawm tus nqi. Yog li, yog tias nws zoo, ces daim teb yuav "txav" raws lub vojvoog. Nyob rau hauv qhov opposite qhov teeb meem, lub vector yuav raug coj ncaj qha mus rau tus nqi nws tus kheej. Rau kev nkag siab ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab yuav ua li cas, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav thiab paub koj tus kheej nrog cov duab kos uas qhia cov kab ntawm kev quab yuam. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv cov ntawv nyeem, txawm hais tias nyuaj rau kev piav qhia, tab sis cov duab kos, lawv yuav tsum tau muab rau lawv, lawv yog cov zoo. Tseeb, ib tug yuav tsum nco ntsoov xws li ib tug feature ntawm cov phau ntawv: thaum tsim drawings ntawm quab yuam kab, lawv ceev yog proportional rau lub modulus ntawm nro vector. Nov yog ib qho lus qhia me me uas tuaj yeem pab tau zoo hauv kev tswj kev paub lossis kev xeem.

Muaj Peev Xwm

cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hluav taws xob teb
cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hluav taws xob teb

Tus nqi ib txwm txav thaum tsis muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm lub zog. Qhov no qhia peb tias nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no cov hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm muaj zog. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws tuaj yeem ua qee yam haujlwm. Cia peb saib ib qho piv txwv me me. Ib qho hluav taws xob teb tau txav ib qho nqi ntawm ib qho chawThiab nyob rau hauv B. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, muaj qhov txo qis hauv lub peev xwm ntawm lub teb. Nws tshwm sim vim tias txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav lawm. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob no yuav tsis hloov yog tias lub zog tau ua los ntawm sab nraud. Hauv qhov no, lub zog muaj peev xwm yuav tsis txo qis, tab sis nce ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm hluav taws xob yuav hloov pauv ncaj qha mus rau lub zog siv sab nraud, uas txav cov nqi hauv hluav taws xob. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm ua yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv kev nce lub peev xwm ntawm lub zog. Yuav kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus, cia peb ua piv txwv hauv qab no. Yog li peb muaj tus nqi zoo. Nws nyob sab nraum lub teb hluav taws xob uas tau txiav txim siab. Vim li no, qhov cuam tshuam me me heev uas nws tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Ib qho kev quab yuam sab nraud tshwm sim, uas qhia txog kev them nqi rau hauv hluav taws xob. Nws ua haujlwm tsim nyog txav mus los. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub zog ntawm lub teb yog kov yeej. Yog li, qhov kev txiav txim muaj peev xwm tshwm sim, tab sis twb nyob hauv hluav taws xob nws tus kheej. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov no tej zaum yuav yog ib tug heterogeneous qhia. Yog li, lub zog uas cuam tshuam rau txhua qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov nqi zoo yog hu ua lub peev xwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm qhov ntawd. Nws yog tus lej sib npaug rau cov haujlwm uas tau ua los ntawm lwm lub zog kom txav cov ntsiab lus mus rau qhov chaw. Lub peev xwm teb tau ntsuas hauv volts.

Voltage

Hauv txhua qhov hluav taws xob, koj tuaj yeem saib xyuas qhov zoo npaum li cas "migrate" los ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas muaj peev xwm siab rau cov uas muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas no. Negatives ua raws li txoj kev no nyob rau hauv qhov opposite direction. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si qhov no tshwm sim tsuas yog vim muaj lub peev xwm ntawm lub zog. Qhov voltage yog xam los ntawm nws. Ua li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub txog tus nqi uas lub peev xwm ntawm lub teb tau dhau los ua me. Qhov voltage yog tus lej sib npaug rau kev ua haujlwm uas tau ua kom hloov pauv tus nqi zoo ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb. Ib qho lus nthuav dav tuaj yeem pom los ntawm qhov no. Yog li, qhov voltage thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov no yog tib lub cev.

Superposition ntawm hluav taws xob teb

cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob
cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob

Yog li, peb tau txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm hluav taws xob. Tab sis txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog lub ntsiab lus zoo dua, peb thov kom ntxiv rau kev txiav txim siab ntau yam uas yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thiab peb mam li pib nrog superposition ntawm hluav taws xob teb. Yav dhau los, peb tau txiav txim siab txog qhov xwm txheej uas tsuas muaj ib qho nqi tshwj xeeb xwb. Tab sis muaj ntau ntawm lawv nyob hauv teb! Yog li ntawd, xav txog qhov xwm txheej ze rau qhov tseeb, cia peb xav txog tias peb muaj ob peb nqi. Tom qab ntawd nws hloov tawm tias cov rog uas ua raws li txoj cai ntawm vector ntxiv yuav ua rau qhov kev sim siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm superposition hais tias txoj kev txav tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob lossis ntau qhov yooj yim. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los tsim ib tug tiag tiag tsab ntawv tsa suab qauv yam tsis xav superposition rau hauv tus account. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov khoom uas peb tab tom xav txog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas twb muaj lawm raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam nqi, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheejhluav taws xob teb.

Siv

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tam sim no qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tsis tau siv rau lawv lub peev xwm tag nrho. Txawm hais tias nws yuav yog qhov tseeb dua, nws lub peev xwm tsis yog siv los ntawm peb. Chizhevsky's chandelier tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog kev siv tswv yim ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm hluav taws xob teb. Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, noob neej pib tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw. Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb muaj ntau cov lus nug tsis tau daws. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog huab cua thiab nws cov khoom tsis zoo. Tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet Chizhevsky, uas nyob rau tib lub sij hawm xav txog lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb, coj los daws qhov teeb meem no. Thiab nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nws tau txais kev txhim kho zoo tiag tiag. Cov cuab yeej no tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov huab cua aeroionic ntws vim muaj cov paug me me. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tsab xov xwm, peb txaus siab tsis yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub ntaus ntawv nws tus kheej, raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov hauj lwm. Qhov tseeb yog tias rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Chizhevsky chandelier, tsis yog siv lub zog ruaj khov, tab sis hluav taws xob! Tshwj xeeb capacitors tau siv los mloog lub zog. Lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm ib puag ncig cuam tshuam rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov cuab yeej. Ntawd yog, cov cuab yeej no tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau lub dav hlau, uas tau hais los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws tau siv los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua ub no ntawm lwm yam khoom siv txuas nrog lub zog tas li. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov kev taw qhia tsis raug tso tseg, thiab qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob los ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no tau tshawb xyuas. Qhov tseeb,Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tseem tsis tau muaj kev vam meej tseem ceeb. Nws tseem yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov me me ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua, thiab qhov tseeb tias feem ntau ntawm lawv tau ua los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pub dawb.

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob cuam tshuam dab tsi?

lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb yog
lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb yog

Vim li cas ho kawm lawv? Raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob yog lub zog, qhov hluav taws xob thiab lub peev xwm. Nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg zoo tib yam, cov tsis muaj peev xwm khav theeb ntawm lub hwj chim loj. Tab sis thaum cov lus nug tshwm sim hais tias ib yam dab tsi loj thiab complex yuav tsum tau ua, ces tsis xav tias lawv yog ib qho khoom kim heev. Qhov tseeb yog tias ntau dhau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (lossis lawv lub zog ntau dhau) ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev xa cov teeb liab los ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov no ua rau distortion ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xa mus. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem nkaus xwb ntawm hom no. Ntxiv nrog rau cov suab nrov dawb ntawm cov thev naus laus zis, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ib tug me me ionization ntawm chav tsev yog tseem xam tau tias yog ib tug koob hmoov, vim hais tias nws pab mus rau lub deposition ntawm plua plav rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub tsev. Tab sis yog tias koj saib ntau npaum li cas txhua yam khoom siv (tub yees, TVs, boilers, xov tooj, lub zog hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam) nyob hauv peb lub tsev, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias, alas, qhov no tsis zoo rau peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov yam ntxwv qis ntawm cov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm yuav luag tsis muaj kev phom sij rau peb, txij li thaumTib neeg tau ntev lawm accustomed rau cosmic hluav taws xob. Tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais txog electronics. Tau kawg, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub tag nrho cov no, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm hluav taws xob hauv tib neeg lub cev. Rau qhov no, los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog txaus los siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub zog npaum siv technology, uas muab rau txo lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntawm mechanisms.

Zoo kawg

lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb
lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws xob teb

Peb tau tshuaj xyuas seb lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, qhov twg siv, qhov peev xwm ntawm kev txhim kho thiab lawv daim ntawv thov hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis tseem kuv xav ntxiv ob peb lo lus kawg txog lub ncauj lus. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias muaj coob tus neeg txaus siab rau lawv. Ib qho ntawm cov cim pom zoo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm tau tso tseg los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Serbian tus tsim Nikola Tesla. Hauv qhov no, nws tau tswj hwm kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo txog kev ua tiav ntawm nws cov phiaj xwm, tab sis, alas, tsis yog hais txog kev siv hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, yog tias muaj lub siab xav ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev taw qhia no, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tsis pom.

Pom zoo: