Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob: hom thiab lawv cov khoom. radioactive chemical keeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob: hom thiab lawv cov khoom. radioactive chemical keeb
Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob: hom thiab lawv cov khoom. radioactive chemical keeb
Anonim

Ib lub xov tooj cua yog ib qho ntawm cov radionuclide uas tawm ionizing hluav taws xob. Cov yav tas feem ntau suav nrog gamma rays, alpha thiab beta hais, thiab hluav taws xob neutron.

Stylized kos npe ntawm hluav taws xob
Stylized kos npe ntawm hluav taws xob

Role of sources

Lawv tuaj yeem siv rau irradiation, thaum cov hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ionizing, lossis ua qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob metrological rau kev ntsuas ntawm cov txheej txheem radiometric thiab ntsuas. Lawv kuj tseem siv los saib xyuas cov txheej txheem kev lag luam xws li kev ntsuas thickness hauv cov ntawv thiab steel kev lag luam. Cov peev txheej tuaj yeem muab ntim rau hauv lub thawv (hloov hluav taws xob siab) lossis tso rau ntawm qhov chaw (tsawg nkag mus), lossis hauv cov kua.

Lub ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv thov

Raws li cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, lawv tau siv hauv tshuaj rau kev kho hluav taws xob thiab hauv kev lag luam rau hluav taws xob, irradiationKhoom noj khoom haus, kom tsis muaj menyuam, tshuaj tua kab thiab PVC irradiation cross-linking.

YRadionuclides

Radionuclides raug xaiv raws li hom thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm hluav taws xob, nws qhov kev siv zog thiab ib nrab-lub neej. Feem ntau qhov chaw ntawm radionuclides muaj xws li cob alt-60, iridium-192 thiab strontium-90. Kev ntsuas ntawm qhov nyiaj ntawm SI qhov kev ua si yog Becquerel, txawm hais tias lub tsev Curie keeb kwm tseem siv tau ib nrab, piv txwv li hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, txawm tias US NIST xav kom siv SI unit. Rau kev noj qab haus huv, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv EU.

hluav taws xob thiab kev hloov pauv
hluav taws xob thiab kev hloov pauv

Lub neej

Ib qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob feem ntau nyob 5 txog 15 xyoo ua ntej nws cov dej num poob mus rau qib nyab xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum radionuclides nrog lub neej ntev ib nrab, lawv tuaj yeem siv los ua cov cuab yeej ntsuas tau ntev dua.

Kaw thiab zais

Ntau lub xov tooj cua raug kaw. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv nyob mus ib txhis yog tag nrho muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ntsiav los yog khov kho los ntawm ib qho khoom rau saum npoo. Capsules feem ntau yog ua los ntawm stainless hlau, titanium, platinum los yog lwm yam hlau inert. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg tshem tawm txhua qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xa cov khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau ib puag ncig vim kev tuav tsis raug, tab sis lub thawv tsis tsim los kom txo qis hluav taws xob, yog li yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv ntxiv rau kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob. Cov kaw kaw kuj tseem siv tau yuav luag txhua qhov chaw uas tsis yogYuav tsum muaj tshuaj lom neeg lossis lub cev sib xyaw ua kua lossis roj.

Cov chaw kaw tau raug cais los ntawm IAEA raws li lawv cov haujlwm hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg tsawg (uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau tib neeg). Qhov piv siv yog A / D, qhov twg A yog qhov kev ua si thiab D yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus kev phom sij.

Thov nco ntsoov tias cov chaw uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg txaus (xws li cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob) tsis ua mob rau tib neeg tsis raug cais tawm.

Stylish cim ntawm hluav taws xob
Stylish cim ntawm hluav taws xob

Capsule qhov chaw, qhov twg hluav taws xob zoo los ntawm qhov taw tes, yog siv los ntsuas cov cuab yeej beta, gamma thiab X-ray. Tsis ntev los no, lawv tau ua tsis tau raws li cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom siv rau kev kawm.

Plate springs

Lawv tau siv dav rau kev ntsuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib kis. Ntawd yog, qhov tseeb, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm ib yam khoom siv txuj ci tseem ceeb.

Tsis zoo li cov tshuaj ntsiav, cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lub phaj yuav tsum nyob rau saum npoo kom tiv thaiv lub thawv fading lossis tiv thaiv tus kheej vim qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau alpha hais, uas yog yooj yim nres los ntawm ib tug me me pawg. Lub Bragg nkhaus qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm damping nyob rau hauv atmospheric huab cua.

Tsis qhib

Cov chaw tsis tau qhib yog cov uas tsis nyob hauv lub thawv kaw ruaj khov thiab tau siv dav rau kev kho mob. Lawv siv rau hauv rooj plaubthaum lub hauv paus yuav tsum tau yaj nyob rau hauv ib tug kua rau txhaj rau hauv tus neeg mob los yog noj. Lawv kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev zoo sib xws rau kev tshawb pom los ua ib tug xov tooj cua tracer.

Rov ua dua thiab ib puag ncig

Kev pov tseg ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tas sij hawm ua rau muaj teeb meem zoo sib xws rau kev pov tseg lwm cov pov tseg nuclear, txawm tias tsawg dua. Siv cov khoom siv qis qis yuav qee zaum tsis ua haujlwm txaus kom muab pov tseg ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem pov tseg, feem ntau hauv cov chaw pov tseg. Lwm txoj hauv kev pov tseg zoo ib yam li siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua, siv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tob nyob ntawm qhov kev ua ntawm cov pov tseg.

Ib qhov xwm txheej paub zoo ntawm kev tuav tsis tau cov khoom zoo li no yog kev sib tsoo hauv Goiania, uas ua rau ntau tus neeg tuag.

Background radiation

Cov hluav taws xob hauv qab yog ib txwm nyob hauv ntiaj teb. Feem ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob tom qab yog los ntawm cov zaub mov, thaum ib feem me me los ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm tib neeg. Ntuj radioactive minerals nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, av thiab dej tsim hluav taws xob tom qab. Tib neeg lub cev txawm muaj qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li no. Cosmic hluav taws xob kuj tseem ua rau cov hluav taws xob tom qab nyob ib puag ncig peb. Nws tuaj yeem muaj qhov hloov pauv loj hauv cov hluav taws xob tom qab ntuj tsim los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw, nrog rau kev hloov pauv hauv tib qhov chaw nyob rau lub sijhawm. Ntuj radioisotopes muaj zog heev tom qabcov emitters.

Cosmic hluav taws xob

Cosmic hluav taws xob los ntawm cov khoom muaj zog heev los ntawm lub hnub thiab cov hnub qub uas nkag mus rau lub ntiaj teb huab cua. Qhov ntawd yog, cov celestial lub cev tuaj yeem hu ua qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Qee qhov sib tsoo hauv av, thaum lwm tus cuam tshuam nrog huab cua, tsim ntau hom hluav taws xob. Cov qib nce ntxiv thaum koj tau los ze zog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, yog li tus nqi ntawm cosmic hluav taws xob feem ntau nce hauv kev faib ua feem rau qhov nce. Qhov siab dua qhov siab, qhov koob tshuaj ntau dua. Qhov no yog vim li cas cov neeg nyob hauv Denver, Colorado (5,280 ko taw) tau txais ntau dua ib xyoos ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm cosmic hluav taws xob ntau dua li txhua tus neeg nyob hauv hiav txwv (0 feet).

Kev khawb av Uranium hauv Russia tseem yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb thiab "kub", vim tias txoj haujlwm no yog qhov txaus ntshai heev. Lawm, uranium thiab thorium pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog hu ua thawj radionuclides thiab yog ib qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob terrestrial. Cov lej ntawm uranium, thorium thiab lawv cov khoom lwj tuaj yeem pom nyob txhua qhov chaw. Kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog radioactive decay. Cov kab hluav taws xob hauv av sib txawv raws qhov chaw, tab sis cov cheeb tsam uas muaj ntau dua ntawm uranium thiab thorium hauv cov av av feem ntau muaj cov tshuaj ntau dua. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb uranium hauv Russia yog qhov txaus ntshai heev.

Radiation thiab tib neeg

Cov kab hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm pom muaj nyob hauv tib neeg lub cev (feem ntau yog cov tshuaj potassium-40). Cov khoom muaj nyob hauv cov zaub mov, av thiab dej, uas pebtxais. Peb lub cev muaj cov hluav taws xob me me vim tias lub cev metabolizes cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj hluav taws xob thiab cov xov tooj cua ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus tib yam.

Ib feem me me ntawm cov hluav taws xob tom qab los ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no. Cov kab hluav taws xob ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau tawg mus rau hauv ib puag ncig los ntawm kev sim riam phom nuclear thiab xwm txheej zoo li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag hauv Ukraine. Nuclear reactors tso me me ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj cua siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab txawm nyob rau hauv qee cov neeg siv khoom siv kuj tso tawm me me ntawm cov hluav taws xob tom qab.

raug rau cosmic hluav taws xob
raug rau cosmic hluav taws xob

Peb txhua tus raug hluav taws xob txhua hnub los ntawm qhov chaw ntuj, xws li cov zaub mov hauv ntiaj teb, thiab cov khoom tsim los ntawm tib neeg, xws li x-rays kho mob. Raws li National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP), qhov nruab nrab ntawm tib neeg raug hluav taws xob txhua xyoo hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog 620 millirems (6.2 millisieverts).

Nyob zoo

Radioactive tshuaj feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv qhov. Qee tus ntawm lawv muaj nyob hauv av, pob zeb, dej, huab cua thiab cov nroj tsuag, los ntawm qhov uas lawv nqus tau thiab noj. Ntxiv rau qhov raug sab hauv no, tib neeg kuj tau txais sab nraud los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas nyob sab nraum lub cev thiab los ntawm cosmic hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw sab nraud. Qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub koob tshuaj rau tib neeg yog kwv yees li 2.4 mSv (240 mrem) ib xyoos.

Qhov no yog plaub zauglub ntiaj teb nruab nrab raug rau cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv ntiaj teb, uas xyoo 2008 yog kwv yees li 0.6 mrem (60 Rem) ib xyoos twg. Hauv qee lub tebchaws nplua nuj, xws li Asmeskas thiab Nyij Pooj, cov khoom raug tsim tawm ntau tshaj qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov nruab nrab vim muaj kev nkag tau ntau dua rau cov cuab yeej kho mob tshwj xeeb. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los nthuav tawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws muaj txij li 2 mSv (200 mrem) ib xyoos twg hauv tebchaws United Kingdom mus rau ntau dua 7 mSv (700 mrem) rau qee pawg neeg hauv Finland.

tawm tsam txhua hnub

Kev tawm los ntawm cov peev txheej ntuj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej txhua hnub ob qho tib si ntawm chaw ua haujlwm thiab hauv qhov chaw pej xeem. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no feem ntau muaj kev txhawj xeeb me me lossis tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb rau pej xeem, tab sis qee qhov xwm txheej kev tiv thaiv kev noj qab haus huv yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, piv txwv li thaum ua haujlwm nrog uranium thiab thorium ore thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwm sim (NORM). Cov xwm txheej no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm saib xyuas hauv xyoo tas los no. Thiab qhov no, yam tsis tau hais txog cov piv txwv ntawm kev raug xwm txheej nrog kev tso tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li kev puas tsuaj ntawm Chernobyl nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag thiab ntawm Fukushima, uas yuam cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov nom tswv thoob ntiaj teb rov xav txog lawv tus cwj pwm ntawm "kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb".

Lub ntiaj teb hluav taws xob

Lub ntiaj teb hluav taws xob suav nrog tsuas yog qhov chaw uas nyob sab nraud rau lub cev. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm lawv tseem ua rau muaj kev phom sij txaus ntshai ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Lub ntsiab radionuclides ntawm kev txhawj xeeb yog poov tshuaj, uranium thiab thorium, lawv cov khoom lwj. ThiabQee qhov, xws li radium thiab radon, yog cov xov tooj cua zoo heev tab sis tshwm sim hauv qhov tsis tshua muaj siab. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom no tau raug txo qis heev txij li thaum tsim lub ntiaj teb. Kev ua haujlwm hluav taws xob tam sim no cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj uranium-238 yog ib nrab ntau npaum li thaum pib ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog vim nws ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 4.5 billion xyoo, thiab rau cov poov tshuaj-40 (ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 1.25 billion xyoo) tsuas yog hais txog 8% ntawm qhov qub. Tab sis thaum tib neeg nyob, cov hluav taws xob tau txo qis me ntsis.

Tuag Radiation
Tuag Radiation

Ntau cov isotopes nrog luv dua ib nrab-lub neej (thiab yog li ntawd cov xov tooj cua siab) tsis tau lwj vim lawv cov khoom tsim tawm tas li. Piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog radium-226 (cov khoom lwj ntawm thorium-230 hauv cov saw hlau lwj ntawm uranium-238) thiab radon-222 (cov khoom lwj ntawm radium-226 hauv cov saw hlau ntawd).

YThorium thiab uranium

Cov tshuaj radioactive tshuaj thorium thiab uranium feem ntau dhau los ntawm alpha thiab beta lwj thiab tsis yooj yim los kuaj xyuas. Qhov no ua rau lawv txaus ntshai heev. Txawm li cas los xij, tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog hluav taws xob proton. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau ntawm lawv sab derivatives ntawm cov ntsiab lus no kuj muaj zog gamma emitters. Thorium-232 tau kuaj pom nrog 239 keV ncov los ntawm lead-212, 511, 583 thiab 2614 keV los ntawm thallium-208 thiab 911 thiab 969 keV los ntawm actinium-228. Cov tshuaj radioactive tshuaj Uranium-238 tshwm li bismuth-214 peaks ntawm 609, 1120 thiab 1764 keV (saib tib lub ncov rau atmospheric radon). Potassium-40 raug kuaj pom ncaj qha los ntawm 1461 gamma ncovkeV.

Qib siab saum hiav txwv thiab lwm lub cev dej loj zoo li ib feem kaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb keeb kwm yav dhau los. Hloov pauv, thaj chaw ntug dej hiav txwv (thiab thaj chaw ze ntawm cov dej tshiab) yuav muaj kev txhawb nqa ntxiv los ntawm cov pob zeb tawg.

Radon

Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv qhov xwm txheej yog huab cua radon, cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tso tawm hauv ntiaj teb. Radon thiab nws cov isotopes, niam txiv radionuclides thiab cov khoom lwj ua rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob nruab nrab ntawm 1.26 mSv / xyoo (millisievert ib xyoos). Radon tsis sib npaug thiab sib txawv nrog huab cua, yog li cov koob tshuaj ntau dua tau siv nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb uas nws ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv. Concentrations 500 lub sij hawm siab tshaj lub ntiaj teb no nruab nrab tau pom nyob rau hauv lub tsev nyob rau hauv Scandinavia, lub tebchaws United States, Iran thiab Czech koom pheej. Radon yog cov khoom lwj ntawm uranium uas muaj feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, tab sis ntau concentrated nyob rau hauv ore-ntxhais pob zeb tawg thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Radon ntws los ntawm cov ores mus rau hauv cov huab cua lossis dej hauv av, thiab tseem nkag mus rau hauv cov tsev. Nws tuaj yeem nqus tau rau hauv lub ntsws nrog rau cov khoom lwj, uas lawv yuav nyob twj ywm rau qee lub sijhawm tom qab kis tau. Vim li no, radon raug cais raws li lub hauv paus ntawm hluav taws xob.

chaw hluav taws xob
chaw hluav taws xob

Radon Exposure

Txawm hais tias radon tshwm sim ib txwm muaj, nws cov teebmeem tuaj yeem nce lossis txo qis los ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no, xws li tsim tsev. Tsis zoo kaw cellarIb lub tsev uas muaj rwb thaiv tsev zoo tuaj yeem ua rau radon buildup hauv tsev, ua rau nws cov neeg nyob hauv kev pheej hmoo. Kev nthuav dav ntawm cov tsev uas muaj rwb thaiv tsev zoo thiab raug kaw nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas muaj kev lag luam nyob rau sab qaum teb tau ua rau radon dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob tom qab hauv qee cov zej zog nyob rau sab qaum teb North America thiab Europe. Qee cov khoom siv hauv tsev, xws li cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus nrog shale alum, phosphogypsum, thiab Italian tuff, tuaj yeem tso radon yog tias lawv muaj radium thiab ntxeem tau roj.

Radiation raug los ntawm radon yog indirect. Radon muaj ib nrab-lub neej luv luv (4 hnub) thiab decays mus rau lwm yam khoom ntawm radioactive nuclides ntawm radium series. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob no tau nqus tau thiab nyob twj ywm hauv lub ntsws, ua rau lub sijhawm ntev. Yog li, radon tau xav tias yog qhov thib ob ua rau mob ntsws cancer tom qab haus luam yeeb, thiab yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm 15,000 thiab 22,000 tus neeg mob qog noj ntshav hauv ib xyoos hauv Asmeskas ib leeg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib tham txog cov txiaj ntsig kev sim sib txawv tseem tab tom ua.

Feem ntau ntawm cov huab cua tom qab yog tshwm sim los ntawm radon thiab nws cov khoom lwj. Lub gamma spectrum qhia pom qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 609, 1120 thiab 1764 keV, uas yog bismuth-214, cov khoom lwj ntawm radon. Cov keeb kwm atmospheric xav tau nyob ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov cua thiab huab cua. Radon tseem tuaj yeem tso tawm hauv av tawg thiab tom qab ntawd tsim "radon huab" uas tuaj yeem mus txog kaum mais.

Space background

Lub ntiaj teb thiab txhua yam muaj sia nyob ntawm nws tas libombarded los ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw. Cov hluav taws xob no feem ntau muaj cov ions zoo, los ntawm cov protons mus rau hlau, thiab cov nuclei loj dua uas tsim tawm sab nraum peb lub hnub ci. Cov hluav taws xob no cuam tshuam nrog cov atoms hauv cov huab cua, tsim cov huab cua sib txawv, suav nrog X-rays, muons, protons, alpha hais, pions, electrons, thiab neutrons.

Cov koob tshuaj ncaj qha ntawm cosmic hluav taws xob feem ntau yog los ntawm muons, neutrons thiab electrons, thiab nws txawv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob ntawm qhov chaw geomagnetic thiab qhov siab. Piv txwv li, lub nroog Denver hauv Tebchaws Meskas (ntawm qhov siab ntawm 1,650 meters) tau txais li ob npaug ntawm cov koob ntawm cosmic rays dua li ntawm qhov taw tes ntawm dej hiav txwv.

Cov hluav taws xob no muaj zog dua nyob rau sab sauv troposphere ntawm thaj tsam li 10 km thiab yog li muaj kev txhawj xeeb tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg caij tsheb uas siv sijhawm ntau teev hauv ib xyoos hauv qhov chaw no. Thaum lawv ya, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv dav hlau feem ntau tau txais kev ua haujlwm ntxiv txij li 2.2 mSv (220 mrem) ib xyoos rau 2.19 mSv / xyoo, raws li ntau yam kev tshawb fawb.

Radiation hauv orbit

Ib yam li ntawd, cosmic rays ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub hnub qub dua li tib neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub voj voog qis, xws li cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb thoob ntiaj teb lossis cov chaw nres tsheb, yog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov hlau nplaum tiv thaiv, tab sis kuj raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov hu ua Van Allen txoj siv, uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntiaj teb magnetic teb. Sab nraum lub ntiaj teb qis orbit, zoo liTau ntsib los ntawm Apollo astronauts taug kev mus rau lub hli, qhov hluav taws xob tom qab no muaj zog ntau dua thiab sawv cev rau qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau yav tom ntej tib neeg kev tshawb nrhiav lub hli lossis Mars.

Cosmic influences kuj ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv huab cua, uas cov hluav taws xob thib ob tsim los ntawm lawv sib txuas nrog atomic nuclei hauv huab cua, tsim ntau yam nuclides. Ntau lub npe hu ua cosmogenic nuclides tuaj yeem tsim tau, tab sis tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog carbon-14, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog nitrogen atoms. Cov cosmogenic nuclides thaum kawg ncav cuag lub ntiaj teb saum npoo thiab tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv cov kab mob muaj sia. Kev tsim tawm ntawm cov nuclides sib txawv me ntsis thaum lub sij hawm luv luv lub hnub ci flux metamorphoses, tab sis suav hais tias yog qhov ua tau zoo tas li ntawm cov nplai loj - los ntawm ntau txhiab mus rau lab xyoo. Kev tsim khoom tas li, kev koom ua ke thiab luv luv ib nrab-lub neej ntawm carbon-14 yog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus siv hauv xov tooj cua sib tham ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lom neeg thaum ub xws li cov khoom siv ntoo lossis tib neeg seem.

Gamma rays

Cosmic hluav taws xob ntawm hiav txwv theem feem ntau tshwm sim li 511 keV gamma hluav taws xob los ntawm positron kev puas tsuaj tsim los ntawm nuclear kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab thiab gamma rays. Ntawm qhov siab siab, kuj tseem muaj kev koom tes los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv ntawm bremsstrahlung. Yog li ntawd, ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov teeb meem ntawm hnub ci hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob sib npaug yog suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.

Qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob thiab raug
Qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob thiab raug

hluav taws xob hauv lub cev

Ob lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tsim los ntawm tib neeg lub cev, uas yog cov poov tshuaj thiab cov pa roj carbon, muaj cov isotopes uas ua rau peb cov koob tshuaj tom qab tawg. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.

Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij thiab cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke. Qhov nruab nrab tib neeg lub cev muaj txog 17 milligrams ntawm poov tshuaj-40 (40K) thiab txog 24 nanograms (10-8 g) ntawm carbon-14 (14C) (ib nrab-lub neej - 5,730 xyoo). Tsis suav nrog kev sib kis sab hauv los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab nraud, ob lub ntsiab lus no yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv sab hauv rau cov khoom siv roj ntsha hauv tib neeg lub cev. Txog 4,000 nuclei lwj ntawm 40K ib ob thiab tib tus lej ntawm 14C. Lub zog ntawm beta particles tsim ntawm 40K yog kwv yees li 10 npaug ntau dua li ntawm beta hais tsim ntawm 14C.

14C yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev ntawm ib ncig ntawm 3,700 Bq (0.1 µCi) nrog rau ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 40 hnub. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev lwj ntawm 14C tsim txog 3,700 beta hais ib ob. Kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb muaj 14C atom.

Ntiaj teb nruab nrab koob tshuaj radionuclides uas tsis yog radon thiab nws cov khoom lwj yog 0.29 mSv / xyoo, ntawm 0.17 mSv / xyoo yog ntawm 40K, 0.12 mSv / xyoo los ntawm uranium series thiab thorium, thiab 12 μSv / xyoo. xyoo - los ntawm 14C. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias cov tshuab xoo hluav taws xob kho mob kuj muaj ntau zausradioactive, tab sis lawv cov hluav taws xob tsis muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg.

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