Alkaloid yog Kev faib tawm ntawm alkaloids, yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Txij thaum ub, tib neeg tau siv tshuaj ntsuab los txo qhov mob thiab tshem tawm cov kab mob thiab kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, kev sib cais ntawm cov tebchaw uas muaj cov nyhuv zoo li no, tsuas yog ua tau nrog kev nthuav dav thiab loj hlob ntawm chemistry raws li kev tshawb fawb, uas yog, pib txij li xyoo pua 17th.

Nws yog thaum ntawd nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm cov kab mob nroj tsuag, thiab niaj hnub no twb nyob rau hauv ib co tsiaj, uas muaj nitrogen-muaj cov organic tebchaw, uas muab xws li ib tug dav kho nyhuv. Txij li xyoo 1819, lub npe dav dav rau cov pab pawg no yog alkaloids. Qhia los ntawm W. Meisner, kws muag tshuaj thiab kws kho mob.

Alkaloid yog dab tsi?

Tam sim no tau lees paub tias alkaloid yog cov sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj ib lossis ntau dua nitrogen atoms nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib lossis sab saw thiab, los ntawm nws cov tshuaj lom neeg, nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm alkali tsis muaj zog, zoo li ammonia. Ua ntej nws tau hais txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj noderivatives ntawm nitrogenous puag ntawm pyridine. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau qhov sib xyaw ntawm pab pawg no tau tshawb pom tom qab, uas qhia tau tias qhov kev txhais lus no tsis yog tag nrho thiab tsis suav tag nrho ntau yam ntawm alkaloids.

Thawj zaug cov tshuaj no tau txais thiab kawm hauv 1803 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Derson. Nws yog morphine, muab tau los ntawm opium. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm ib leeg, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom ntau qhov sib xyaw heterocyclic los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cog. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib lub tswv yim hais tias ib tug alkaloid yog ib yam khoom ntawm feem ntau natural keeb kwm. Tsim tsuas yog hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm molecules

Los ntawm lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg, cov tshuaj no yog nitrogen-muaj cov organic tebchaw uas muaj nitrogen atoms nyob rau hauv complex heterocycles interconnected los ntawm ntau hom kev sib cog lus thiab kev sib cuam tshuam.

Los ntawm cov nroj tsuag lawv sawv tawm raws li ntsev ntawm qee cov kua qaub:

• apple;
• wine;
• oxalic;
• acetic acid thiab lwm yam.

Yog tias cov tshuaj ntshiab yog cais los ntawm cov ntsev, ces cov alkaloid tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cov hmoov crystalline hmoov, los yog nws tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov qauv ua kua (nicotine). Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, nws yog ib qho alkaline compound uas nthuav tawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg.

Ntawd yog, chemistry ntawm alkaloids paub thiab kawm. Piv txwv li, txoj kev tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm qhov lawv tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm cov khoom cog. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv solubility ntawm alkaloid ntsev nyob rau hauv dej, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntshiab daim ntawv no compounds yuav luag insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, tab sisua nws zoo hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic.

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tebchaw no cais thiab kawm yog hu ua alkaloid tshua.

1. nag xob nag cua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li kev tsim ntawm insoluble alkaloid ntsev uas precipitates. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm kev siv cov khoom nram qab no: tannin, picric acid, phosphotungstic lossis molybdic acid.
2. nag xob nag cua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li tsim ntawm complex ntsev ntsev nrog kev koom tes ntawm alkaloid tebchaw. Reagents: mercury chloride, potassium iodide los yog bismuth.
3. Xim. Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, daim ntawv ntawm alkaloid hloov thiab nws yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub general muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim yog cov nyhuv ntawm heterocycles, qhov tsos ntawm cov xim. Reagents: nitric acid, sulfuric acid, freshly precipitated tooj liab (II) hydroxide.

Feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv staining tsis muab qhov tseeb, txij li cov heterocyclic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm alkaloids zoo ib yam li cov protein molecules. Yog li ntawd, lawv muab cov nyhuv tib yam.

Kev faib tawm ntawm alkaloids

Dab tsi pawg tag nrho cov paub sib txuas ntawm pawg no tau muab faib ua, txiav txim siab hom alkaloid, nws cov qauv tshuaj. Xws li kev faib tawm yog tsim los ntawm Academician A. P. Orekhov thiab ua raws li hom thiab qauv ntawm heterocycle nrog nitrogen atoms hauv lawv.

Y Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine thiab lawv cov derivatives. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov alkaloids xws li platifillin, sarracin, senecifyllin thiab lwm yam. Cov qauv yog raws li complex tsib-tus tswv cuab heterocycles txuas rau ib leeg,uas suav nrog nitrogen atom.

Piperidine thiab pyridine, lawv cov derivatives. Cov neeg sawv cev: anabasin, lobelin. Lub hauv paus yog rau-tus tswv cuab txoj kev voj voog nrog nitrogen.

Quinolizidine thiab nws cov tebchaw. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog: pahikarpin, thermopsin thiab lwm yam. Lub hauv paus tshuaj nyob rau hauv complex rau-tus tswv cuab heterocycles txuas rau ib leeg thiab nitrogen.

Quinoline derivatives - quinine, echinopsin.

Ib pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov alkaloids ntau heev yog cov tshuaj isoquinoline. Salsalin, morphine thiab papaverine tau dav siv hauv tshuaj. Qhov no kuj suav nrog alkaloids hauv cov nroj tsuag barberry, machka thiab celandine.

tshuaj lom neeg ntau tropane derivatives - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. Cov qauv yog sawv cev los ntawm complexly condensed, intertwined pyrrolidine thiab piperidine rings.

Indole thiab nws cov tebchaw - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine thiab lwm yam. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tsib- thiab rau-tus tswv cuab rings nrog nitrogen atoms hauv cov qauv.

Lub ntsiab alkaloid hauv kev lag luam khoom noj thiab tshuaj yog caffeine los ntawm cov tshuaj yej nplooj thiab cov noob ntawm cov nroj tsuag cola. Hais txog purine derivatives - complex compounds los ntawm txawv heterocycles thiab ob peb nitrogen atoms nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Ephedrine thiab nws cov tebchaw - spherophysin, colchicine thiab colchamine. Lub npe tshuaj rau ephedrine, xav txog nws cov qauv complex, yog phenylmethylaminopropanol, ib tug complex organic aromatic cawv.

Tsis ntev los no, nws yog ib txwm ua rau cais qee yam tshuaj ntawm pawg steroid - corticosteroids thiab cov tshuaj hormones deev - rau hauv alkaloids.

Lub cev muaj zog

Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg no suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm yaj hauv ntau cov kua thiab lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke raws li tus qauv txheej txheem.

Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, ib qho alkaloid feem ntau yog crystalline khoom. Xim thiab tsw, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj. Cov saj yog feem ntau iab, astringent, unpleasant. Qhia cov haujlwm kho qhov muag hauv cov kev daws teeb meem.

Qee yam ntawm cov tshuaj no nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ua kua yog oxygen-dawb alkaloids, txog 200 hom nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Piv txwv li, nicotine, pachycarpine, coniine.

Yog tias peb tham txog kev solubility hauv dej, ces tsuas yog caffeine, ephedrine, ergometrine tuaj yeem ua qhov no tag nrho. Cov neeg sawv cev uas tseem tshuav ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw no tsuas yog yaj hauv cov kua organic (solvents).

Kev ua ntawm tib neeg lub cev

Alkaloid yog ib yam khoom uas muaj zog rau tib neeg lub cev thiab tsiaj txhu. Qhov kev cuam tshuam no yog dab tsi?

1. Kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau lub paj hlwb, paj hlwb xaus, synapses, cov txheej txheem neurotransmitter. Cov pab pawg sib txawv ntawm alkaloids ua rau cov ntu ntawm lub cev ua sedatives, psychotropic, reflex, antitussive, stimulants, narcotic tshuaj, analgesics. Thaum siv kom raug rau lub hom phiaj kho mob, nruj me ntsis tshuaj thiab raug, cov teebmeem no tau txais txiaj ntsig. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau me ntsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim hnyav thiab tu siab heev.
2. Action ntawm cardio-vascular system - antiarrhythmic, txhim kho cov ntshav, antispasmodic, hypotensive, choleretic.

Yog tias cov tshuaj alkaloid-raws li kev npaj siv tsis tsim nyog lossis tsis ua raws li qhov xav tau, cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua tau:

• tsis pom kev, hnov lus;
• ua tsis taus pa, hnyav hauv siab;
• kiv taub hau, xeev siab, ntuav;
• ntshav;
• dry mouth;
• nce siab lossis txo cov ntshav siab;
• mob hnyav tuag taus.

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov alkaloids hauv lawv lub cev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg yog cov tshuaj lom, muaj zog, ua rau qaug zog thiab tuag (strychnine, morphine, belladonnin). Lwm qhov yog narcotic compounds uas ua rau muaj kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. Psychological, kev xav thiab lub cev (nicotine, caffeine, cocaine). Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj no yuav tsum tau ua nrog ceev faj heev thiab tsuas yog siv raws li cov lus qhia thiab tshuaj ntawm kws kho mob.

siv kho mob

Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, cov nroj tsuag muaj alkaloids yog lub hauv paus rau ntau yam tshuaj nrog ib tug dav spectrum ntawm kev txiav txim, los yog, conversely, heev tshwj xeeb sawv daws yuav. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raw, tswm ciab, tinctures, ntsiav tshuaj, ampoule daws tau. Qhov kev txiav txim yog tsom rau kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob plawv, cov kab mob ua pa, cov hlab ntsha thiab qhov kawg, kev puas siab puas ntsws. Tsis tas li ntawd rau kev kho mob ntawm lub plab zom mov, raws li kev tiv thaiv kab mob, rau cov kab mob oncological, rauKev tshem tawm kev quav cawv thiab ntau qhov chaw.

Alkaloids pom nyob qhov twg?

Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso, alkaloids muaj tshuaj ntsuab thiab nroj tsuag. Niaj hnub no, muaj txog 10,000 lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj no tau paub, thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw xwb.

Tsis muaj alkaloids tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm fungi, cell ntawm cov kab mob, algae, echinoderms. Alkaloid compounds tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov hlwb ntawm qee cov tsiaj, tab sis muaj tsawg heev ntawm lawv.

Yog li, nws hloov tawm tias tus neeg xa khoom tseem ceeb, qhov khoom tsis txaus ntawm cov tshuaj no rau kev kho mob, tib neeg lub neej, thiab kev lag luam yog cov nroj tsuag muaj alkaloids.

Cov nroj tsuag no yog dab tsi? Muaj, qhov tseeb, ntau dhau los hais txog lawv txhua tus. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tuaj yeem sau npe ntau tshaj plaws thiab nquag siv los ntawm tus txiv neej.

1. Goosewort tiaj-tawm - alkaloid platifillin thiab senecifylline - antispasmodic thiab sedative nyhuv ntawm lub cev, siv los tsim cov tshuaj tsim nyog.
2. Ntau belladonna los ntawm tsev neeg Solanaceae. Ib tsob nroj tseem ceeb heev rau tshuaj. Lub belladonna alkaloid yog atropine thiab belladannin. Kev npaj raws li belladonna Cheebtsam excite lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, qhib lub hlwb thiab lub cev ua si, nce efficiency thiab endurance. Lawv muaj cov nyhuv antispasmodic thiab analgesic. Cov tshuaj tee, tinctures thiab suppositories yog raws li cov extract ntawm cov nroj tsuag no.
3. Black henbane. Siabtshuaj lom tsob nroj, txhua qhov chaw ntawm nws yog txaus ntshai. Alkaloids - hyoscyamine thiab scopolamine. Siv los kho cov kab mob neurological thiab seasickness.
4. Celandine loj. Ib tsob nroj ntau heev hauv peb lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj alkaloids quinolizidin, pachycarpine, saponin, thermopsin thiab lwm yam. Tshuaj lom heev yog siv tsis raug.
5. Alkaloids hauv cov nroj tsuag ntawm Poppy tsev neeg kwv yees li ntawm ob lub kaum os. Cov no yog opium, morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine thiab lwm yam isoquinoline derivatives. Peb yuav txiav txim siab lawv qhov kev txiav txim thiab lub ntsiab lus sib cais.
6. Passiflora nqaij liab. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm alkaloids, derivatives ntawm indole. Muaj zog sedative nyhuv.
7. Argot. Tshwj xeeb tsim kab lis kev cai ntawm cov kab mob parasitic fungus uas rhuav tshem cov qoob loo rye yog siv kom tau cov alkaloids uas muaj zog tshaj plaws. Cov no yog ergotamine thiab ergometrine, nrog rau 18 ntau yam ntxiv. Siv tshuaj (tshwj xeeb hauv gynecology).
8. Rauwolfia serpentina - cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag no muaj ntau tshaj 50 alkaloids siv los kho cov kab mob plawv, nrog rau kev kub siab.

Tshuaj ntsuab thiab nroj tsuag yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ntawm cov tshuaj niaj hnub. Tom qab tag nrho, feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yog synthesized nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm natural raw khoom. Lawv tau siv txij thaum ancient sij hawm thiab tsis tau poob lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau tib neeg niaj hnub no. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, dhau sij hawm, tib neeg tab tom siv zog los tshawb nrhiav thiab kawm txog cov nroj tsuag zoo li no txhawm rau nrhiav qee yam tseem ceeb, ib yam dab tsi uas yuav pab daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm ntau yam kab mob incurable.

Qhov feem ntau alkaloid

Qhov no yog qhov derivative ntawm opium - codeine. Nws tuaj yeem raug cais los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb los ntawm morphine. Piv nrog rau tom kawg, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb dua rau kev siv, vim nws yog mos hauv kev nqis tes ua. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ua tau zoo li tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob tsis yog phem dua li morphine lossis opium nws tus kheej.

Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj raws li codeine tau nthuav dav hauv cov tshuaj thiab siv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm txhua lub tebchaws. Qhov kev txwv nkaus xwb yog qhov ntau npaum li cas. Nws yuav tsum tau siv tsuas yog raws li kev pom zoo thiab nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm kws kho mob.

Ntsuab thiab nws cov alkaloids

Opiates - yog li hauv tshuaj thiab chemistry nws yog kev cai hu rau tag nrho cov tshuaj yeeb tshuaj alkaloids uas tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm nws thiab ua ke raws li nws lub hauv paus. Cov kev sib txuas no yog dab tsi? Hmoov tsis zoo, niaj hnub no yuav luag txhua tus tau hnov txog lawv thiab tsis tas yuav muaj lub koob npe zoo thiab nrhiav tau ib daim ntawv thov tsim nyog, raug. Cov no yog alkaloids xws li:

• morphine;
• papaverine;

Heroin;

• codeine.

Hauv tshuaj, cov tshuaj no yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj sedatives. Raws li codeine, ntau cov tshuaj tau tsim txawm tias mob khaub thuas hauv menyuam yaus.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj xws li tshuaj yeeb thiab tshuaj yeeb dawb tsis yog siv rau kev kho mob nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov tshuaj hnyav hnyav. Lawv ua rau tib neeg lub cev muaj kev cia siab txaus ntshai thiab dhau sijhawm tuaj yeem ua rau muaj mob hnyav, txawm tias tib neeg lub neej.