Txhua qhov kev sib hais haum muaj ciam teb uas yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab invasion, qhov kev xav tau no yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv loj Slavic chaw nyob. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Ancient Russia, kev tsis sib haum xeeb torn lub teb chaws sib nrug, nws yog tsim nyog los sib ntaus tsis tau tsuas yog nrog rau sab nraud hem, tab sis kuj nrog cov phooj ywg pab pawg neeg. Kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov thawj coj tau pab tsim lub xeev zoo, uas dhau los ua kev tiv thaiv. Cov tub rog Lavxias qub tau sawv hauv ib daim chij thiab qhia tag nrho lub ntiaj teb lawv lub zog thiab ua siab loj.
Team
Cov Slavs yog cov neeg nyiam kev thaj yeeb, yog li cov tub rog Lavxias thaum ub tsis sawv tawm tsam ntau dhau los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Lawv sawv los tiv thaiv lawv lub tsev nrog hmuv, axes, riam thiab cov sibntsib. Cov cuab yeej siv tub rog, riam phom tshwm sim maj mam, thiab lawv tsom ntsoov rau kev tiv thaiv lawv tus tswv dua li kev tawm tsam. Nyob rau hauv lub X xyoo pua, ob peb Slavic pab pawg neeg koom nyob ib ncig ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Kyiv, uas sau se thiab.tiv thaiv thaj chaw tswj hwm los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm steppes, Swedes, Byzantines, Mongols. Ib pab tub rog raug tsim, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog 30% tsim los ntawm cov tub rog tshaj lij (feem ntau mercenaries: Varangians, Pechenegs, Germans, Hungarians) thiab tub rog (voi). Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub armament ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab tub rog muaj ib lub club, hmuv, thiab ntaj. Kev tiv thaiv lub teeb tsis txwv kev txav thiab muab kev txav mus los hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev sib tw. Lub caj npab tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog yog infantry, nees tau siv los ua cov tsiaj ntim thiab xa cov tub rog mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lub cavalry yog tsim tom qab tsis ua tiav kev sib tsoo nrog cov neeg steppe, uas yog cov neeg caij tsheb zoo heev.
Kev tiv thaiv
Kev tsov rog Lavxias qub hnav lub tsho thiab cov chaw nres nkoj uas muaj rau cov pej xeem ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv 5th-6th centuries, muab khau rau khau bast. Thaum lub sij hawm Lavxias teb sab-Byzantine ua tsov ua rog, cov yeeb ncuab tau ntaus los ntawm lub siab tawv thiab ua siab loj ntawm "Rus", uas tawm tsam yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv armor, nkaum qab shields thiab siv tib lub sij hawm raws li ib tug riam phom. Tom qab ntawd, "kayak" tshwm sim, uas yog lub tsho tsis muaj tes tsho, sheathed nrog daim hlau los ntawm nees hooves los yog daim tawv nqaij. Tom qab ntawd, cov phiaj hlau tau pib siv los tiv thaiv lub cev ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab cov xub ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.
Shield
Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thaum ub yog lub teeb, uas muab kev ua haujlwm siab, tab sis tib lub sijhawm txo qis kev tiv thaiv. Loj, tib neeg-siab ntoo shields tau siv los ntawm cov neeg Slavic txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Lawv npog tus tub rog lub taub hau, yog li ntawd lawv muaj ib lub qhov rau lub qhov muag nyob rau hauv sab sauv. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 10th, shields tau ua nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig zoo, lawv yog upholstered nrog hlau, npog.tawv thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau haiv neeg cov cim. Raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm Byzantine historians, cov Russians tsim ib phab ntsa ntawm daim thaiv, uas tau kaw nruj nreem rau ib leeg, thiab muab lawv hmuv rau pem hauv ntej. Xws li tactics ua rau nws tsis yooj yim sua rau cov qib siab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab los tsoo mus rau tom qab ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Tom qab 100 xyoo, daim ntawv hloov mus rau ib ceg tshiab ntawm cov tub rog - cov tub rog. Shields ua almond-zoo li tus, muaj ob mounts tsim los tuav nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj. Nrog rau hom khoom siv no, cov tub rog Lavxias thaum ub tau mus rau kev sib tw thiab sawv los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej cov av ua ntej tsim phom. Ntau cov kab lig kev cai thiab cov dab neeg muaj feem xyuam nrog cov ntaub thaiv npog. Ib txhia yog "tis" los txog niaj hnub no. Cov tub rog poob thiab raug mob raug coj mus tsev los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog; thaum khiav, cov tub rog rov qab los pov rau hauv qab taw ntawm cov neeg caum cov nees. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleg dai daim thaiv ntawm lub rooj vag ntawm Constantinople swb.
Help
Cov tub rog Lavxias qub mus txog rau tiam 9-10th hnav lub kaus mom zoo tib yam ntawm lawv lub taub hau, uas tsis tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Thawj cov kaus mom hlau pom los ntawm archaeologists tau ua raws li hom Norman, tab sis lawv tsis tau siv dav hauv Russia. Cov duab conical tau dhau los ua tswv yim thiab yog li siv dav. Lub kaus mom hlau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tau riveted los ntawm plaub daim hlau, lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj thiab plaub (rau cov tub rog loj lossis cov thawj coj). Cov duab no tau tso cai rau rab ntaj kom swb yam tsis muaj teeb meem ntau rau tus neeg, balaclava ua los ntawm tawv lossis hnov mob lub tshuab. Lub kaus mom hlau tau hloov pauv vim muaj kev tiv thaiv ntxivkhoom siv: aventail (mail mesh), nasal (hlau phaj). Kev siv kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg (qhov ncauj qhov ntswg) nyob rau hauv Russia yog tsis tshua muaj, feem ntau yog cov trophy kaus mom hlau, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thaum ub, khaws cia hauv cov ntawv sau tseg, qhia tias lawv tsis zais lawv lub ntsej muag, tab sis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab nrog kev ua phem. Cov kaus mom hlau nrog ib nrab daim npog ntsej muag tau tsim rau cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe thiab muaj nyiaj, lawv muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj uas tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv.
Chain mail
Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsho khuam ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thaum ub, raws li kev tshawb fawb archaeological, tshwm nyob rau hauv 7th-8th centuries. Chain mail yog lub tsho ntawm cov hlau rings nruj nreem txuas rau ib leeg. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, nws nyuaj heev rau cov kws ua haujlwm los ua cov kev tiv thaiv zoo li no, kev ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab siv sijhawm ntev. Cov hlau tau dov mus rau hauv cov hlau, los ntawm cov rings tau folded thiab welded, fastened ua ke raws li 1 mus rau 4 lub tswv yim. Yam tsawg kawg yog 20-25 txhiab rings yuav tsum tau los tsim ib tug saw saw, qhov hnyav ntawm uas muaj li ntawm 6 mus rau 16 kilograms.. Rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj, tooj liab txuas tau woven rau hauv canvas. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, stamping technology tau siv, thaum braided rings tau flattened, uas muab ib tug loj cheeb tsam ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov xaim xaim tau ntev dua, cov ntsiab lus ntxiv ntawm cov cuab yeej tau tshwm sim: nagovitsya (hlau, woven stockings), aventail (mesh los tiv thaiv lub caj dab), bracers (cov hnab looj tes hlau). Quilted khaub ncaws tau hnav nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau, softening lub zog ntawm lub tshuab. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia sivlamellar (phaj) armor. Rau kev tsim khoom, yuav tsum muaj lub hauv paus (lub tsho) ua los ntawm tawv, uas nyias hlau lamellas tau nruj nruj. Lawv qhov ntev yog 6 - 9 centimeters, dav ntawm 1 mus rau 3. Plate armor maj mam hloov cov saw mail thiab txawm muag rau lwm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv Russia, scaly, lamellar thiab chain mail armor feem ntau ua ke. Yushman, Bakhterets yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xa ntawv, uas, txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom tiv thaiv, tau muab cov phiaj rau hauv siab. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV, ib hom tshiab armor tshwm - iav. Cov hlau loj loj, polished kom ci, raws li txoj cai, tau hnav hla saw xa ntawv. Ntawm ob sab thiab ntawm lub xub pwg nyom, lawv tau txuas nrog tawv pluaj, feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam cim.
riam phom
Cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thaum ub tsis yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsis tau, tab sis nws tau txawv los ntawm nws qhov kaj, uas ua kom muaj kev sib tw ntau dua ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov neeg tua rog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Byzantines, "Rusichs" tau txawv los ntawm lawv lub cev loj heev. Nyob rau hauv lub 5th - 6th centuries, riam phom ntawm peb pog koob yawg koob yog heev primitive, siv nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov yeeb ncuab, nws muaj qhov hnyav ntau thiab tau ntxiv nrog cov ntsiab lus tawm tsam. Cov evolution ntawm riam phom tau tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm kev vam meej thiab kev hloov pauv hauv lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Cov tshuab pov tseg, lub cav siege, tho thiab txiav cov cuab yeej hlau tau siv ntau pua xyoo, thaum lawv cov qauv tsim tau raug txhim kho tas li. Qee qhov kev tsim kho tshiabtau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm lwm haiv neeg, tab sis cov neeg tsim khoom Lavxias thiab cov kws tua phom yeej ib txwm muaj qhov txawv ntawm lawv txoj hauv kev qub thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm lawv cov tshuab.
Melee riam phom tau paub rau txhua tus neeg, thaum kaj ntug ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej, nws hom tseem ceeb yog lub club. Qhov no yog ib lub club hnyav, uas tig ib ncig nrog hlau thaum kawg. Qee qhov sib txawv muaj cov hlau spikes lossis ntsia hlau. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab chronicles, nrog rau lub club, mace, shestoper, thiab flail yog hais. Vim qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua tau zoo hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, riam phom percussion tau siv dav. Ntaj thiab saber ib nrab hloov nws, tab sis cov tub rog thiab howls tseem siv nws hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau tsim cov duab kos duab ntawm tus txiv neej uas tau hu ua tus tub rog Lavxias thaum ub. Cov duab ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab, nrog rau cov duab ntawm tus phab ej uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, yuav tsum muaj qee yam riam phom tawm tsam, feem ntau cov mace legendary ua qhov no.
Nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia thaum ub, ntaj yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog hom riam phom tseem ceeb, tab sis kuj yog lub cim ntawm princely hwj chim. Cov riam uas siv tau muaj ntau hom, lawv muaj npe raws li qhov chaw lawv hnav: khau, siv, hauv qab. Lawv tau siv nrog rab ntaj thiab mace. Cov riam phom ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thaum ub hloov nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, saber los hloov rab ntaj. Cov Russians txaus siab rau nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog nomads, los ntawm cov neeg uas lawv qiv cov khaub ncaws. Spears thiab horns belongs raufeem ntau ancient hom stabbing riam phom, uas tau ntse siv los ntawm warriors li tiv thaiv thiab tawm tsam. Thaum siv nyob rau hauv parallel, lawv evolved ambiguously. Rogatins tau maj mam hloov los ntawm hmuv, uas tau txhim kho rau hauv sulitsu. Tsis tsuas yog peasants (voi thiab militias) tawm tsam nrog axes, tab sis kuj yog pab tub rog princely. Rau equestrian warriors, hom riam phom no muaj ib tug luv kov, infantrymen (warriors) siv axes ntawm ntev shafts. Berdysh (ib tug axes nrog ib tug dav hniav) nyob rau hauv lub XIII - XIV caug xyoo dhau los ua ib tug riam phom ntawm cov tub rog archery. Tom qab ntawd nws hloov mus ua ib tug halberd.
Shooter
Txhua yam txhais tau tias siv txhua hnub rau kev yos hav zoov thiab hauv tsev tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias ua riam phom ua tub rog. Hneev tau tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj horn thiab tsim hom ntoo (birch, juniper). Ib txhia ntawm lawv ntev tshaj ob meters. Txhawm rau khaws cov xub, lub xub pwg nyom tau siv, uas yog ua los ntawm tawv, qee zaum dai kom zoo nkauj nrog brocade, pob zeb zoo nkauj thiab semi-precious. Rau kev tsim cov xub, reeds, birches, reeds, thiab txiv apples tau siv, mus rau lub teeb uas ib tug hlau taub txuas. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, tus tsim ntawm lub hneev yog heev complex, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws tsim yog heev laborious. Crossbows yog ib hom kev cuam tshuam zoo dua. Lawv qhov kev rho tawm yog qhov qis dua ntawm hluav taws, tab sis tib lub sijhawm, lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj (siv raws li qhov projectile) ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau dua rau cov yeeb ncuab, tawg los ntawm armor thaum ntaus. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau rub lub bowstring ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, txawm tias muaj zog warriors so tawm tsam lub pob tw nrog lawv txhais taw rau qhov no. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12thtxhawm rau kom ceev thiab pab kom cov txheej txheem no, lawv pib siv tus nuv uas archers hnav ntawm lawv txoj siv sia. Ua ntej kev tsim riam phom, hneev, hneev, ntoo khaub lig tau siv hauv cov tub rog Lavxias.
khoom siv
Cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas tau mus xyuas cov nroog Lavxias ntawm XII-XIII centuries tau xav tsis thoob thaum cov tub rog tau nruab. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg caij nees hnyav), cov neeg caij tsheb tau yooj yim tiv nrog ntau txoj haujlwm. Zaum hauv lub eeb, tus tub rog tuaj yeem tuav lub reins (tsav nees), tua ntawm hneev lossis hneev, thiab npaj rab ntaj hnyav rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cavalry yog ib tug maneuverable tawm tsam quab yuam, yog li cov cuab yeej ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb thiab nees yuav tsum yog lub teeb, tab sis ruaj. Lub hauv siab, croup thiab sab ntawm tsov rog nees tau them nrog cov npog tshwj xeeb, uas tau ua los ntawm cov ntaub nrog sewn hlau daim hlau. Cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thaum ub tau xav txog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws. Saddles ua los ntawm cov ntoo ua rau nws ua tau rau tus archer tig mus rau qhov sib txawv thiab tua ntawm qhov nrawm, thaum tswj cov kev taw qhia ntawm tus nees lub zog. Tsis zoo li European warriors ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, uas tau tag nrho armored, lub teeb armor ntawm Russians tau tsom mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog nomads. Nobles, princes, vajntxwv muaj riam phom thiab tej cuab yeej cuab tam rau kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab parade, uas yog nplua nuj decorated thiab nruab nrog cov cim ntawm lub xeev. Lawv tau txais cov Ambassadors txawv tebchaws thiab mus so rau hnub so.
