Zaporozhye av yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv keeb kwm xwm txheej zoo. Peb yuav nyob ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv hauv kev nthuav dav. Qhov no yog thawj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias nrog cov Tatar-Mongols. Xyoo ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Kalka yog 1223, lub hli yog Tsib Hlis. Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom xav txog qhov chaw uas nws tshwm sim. Nws tsuas yog paub los ntawm keeb kwm tias qhov no yog tus dej Kalka.
Tab sis qhov twg yuav tsum nrhiav tus dej no, qhov chaw pob zeb uas cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Mstislav Romanovich, Prince of Kyiv, nyob? Xws li Zaporizhia cov neeg keeb kwm hauv zos xws li Arkhipkin thiab Shovkun pheej nrhiav lus teb rau lo lus nug no. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog cov lus xaus thiab cov kev xav tau sau tseg hauv kab lus no. Tom qab nyeem nws, koj yuav pom tias tus dej Kalka nyob qhov twg, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb no.
Cov xwm txheej ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua
Lavxias teb sab princes, raws li lawv hais nyob rau hauv lub annals, pab lub Polovtsy nyob rau hauv lawv sib ntaus tawm tsam cov Tatars, sau lawv cov rog nyob rau hauv lub Dnieper, ntawm lub ford ntawm Protolche, nyob ze ntawm lub kob ntawm Khortitsa. Smashing hauvQhov chaw no lub ntsiab detachments ntawm lub Tatar-Mongols, Lavxias teb sab regiments mus rau lub steppe, caum lub retreating. Yim hnub tom qab ntawd lawv mus txog qhov chaw uas tus dej Kalka ntws. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Tatar-Mongols nyob ntawm no. Nws nyob hauv qhov chaw no (Kalka River) uas muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo.
Txhob Cia Siab Mongol ntxeem tau
Kev txiav txim los ntawm plaub Novgorod thiab Laurentian keeb kwm, kev cuam tshuam ntawm Russia los ntawm Mongols yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Lavxias teb sab chroniclers tsuas tsis paub thaum lub sij hawm ntawd tias 30 txhiab tus neeg ntawm Genghis Khan (cov tub rog ntawm Subede-Bagatur thiab Jebe-Noyon) hla hiav txwv Caspian los ntawm sab qab teb, rhuav tshem lub nroog Shemakha, coj lub nroog Derbent.
Tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob, lawv tau kov yeej lub zog sib koom ua ke ntawm Polovtsians thiab Alans. Cov tub rog Polovtsian nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Konchak tus tub, Khan Yuri, raug yuam kom rov qab mus rau Dnieper raws Hiav txwv Azov. Ib feem ntawm nws hla mus rau sab xis bank, mus rau hauv cov khoom ntawm Kotyan, Polovtsian Khan. Lwm qhov rushed mus rau Crimea, mus rau nws cov cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj, qhov twg cov Tatar-Mongols nkag mus tom qab Polovtsians. Ntawm no nyob rau hauv 1223, nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj, lawv ravaged lub Surozh fortress (hnub no Sudak).
Txoj kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tub huabtais Lavxias
Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav, Kotyan rushed mus rau Mstislav lub Udalny nyob rau hauv Galich kev pab. Lavxias teb sab princes, nyob rau hauv lub teg num ntawm Mstislav, sau nyob rau hauv Kyiv rau cov lus qhia. Nws tau txiav txim siab mus rau hauv lub Dnieper, raws nws sab xis ntug dej, hla cov dej ntws sab laug, uas tau ntim rau lub sijhawm ntawd nrog cov dej caij nplooj ntoos hlav, uas ua rau kev txav mus los nyuaj heev. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev taug kev nrawm, txav mus raws cov pob zeb qhuav sab qab teb, mus rauPolovtsian rampart (uas yog, khawb), qhov twg muab kev sib ntaus sib tua rau cov Tatar-Mongols nyob rau txawv teb chaws.
Lub rooj sib tham tsis tau xav txog
Tab sis tsis muaj ib qho kev coj noj coj ua vim muaj kev sib cav sib ceg hauv Polovtsian thiab cov tub rog Lavxias. Lawv tsiv mus rau cov kob ntawm Khortytsya nyias. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav impassability ncua sij hawm cov tub rog ntawm sab qaum teb princes. Cov Ruses ntawm Khortitsa, tau ntsib cov Ambassadors ntawm lub Tatars, tua lub tom kawg thiab tsiv raws txoj cai ntug dej ntawm tus dej. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsuas tuaj yeem ncav cuag Oleshya, qhov twg cov Tatar-Mongols twb tos lawv.
Nyob rau sab qab teb, thaj av qhuav sai dua, uas tau muab sijhawm rau cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog tawm hauv Crimea, thiab tom qab ntawd nce mus txog Polovtsian steppe mus rau sab qaum teb thiab tso cov tub rog tseem ceeb ua ntej cov tub rog Lavxias tuaj txog. sab xis ntawm lub Kalka. Txoj kev npaj tau txais los ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj (yuav tawm tsam nyob rau txawv teb chaws) yog li thwarted.
Mstislav Udaloy, tus huab tais Galich, tsis ceeb toom rau lwm tus txog nws cov lus, hla tus dej Kalka ua ke nrog Polovtsy thiab pib sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov Tatars. Rov qab los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, cov Polovtsians thim rov qab.
Kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Mstislav Romanovich
Cov tub rog ntawm Mstislav Romanovich maj nrawm yuav tsum tau tsim lub fortification nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv lub yeej thiab tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam peb hnub. Armed nrog melee riam phom (clubs thiab axes), Lavxias teb sab tub rog inflicted hnyav poob rau lub Tatar-Mongols. raug tua, tshwj xeeb, Tossuk, tus tub hlob ntawm Genghis Khan (daim duab ntawm lub tom kawg yog nthuav tawm hauv qab), leej txiv ntawm Batu.
Ib feem ntawm Mongols tseem nyob ntawm Kalka
Tatars nyob rau hnub peb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tau muab rau cov neeg Lavxias kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, tab sis lawv tus kheejnws raug ua txhaum. Tau muab lub sijhawm, raws li kev pom zoo, rau cov tub rog Lavxias mus rau Russia, lawv tau tawm tsam cov tub rog rov qab mus rau Dnieper thiab ntaus ntau. Mstislav Udaloy, tau hla tus dej nrog cov seem ntawm nws cov tub rog, kom cov nkoj mus hlawv. Tawm hauv ib lub yeej rog nrog cov khoom nyiag khoom hauv Crimea, nrog rau cov neeg mob thiab raug mob rau ntawm Kalka ze ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov Tatars tau mus rau sab qaum teb hauv peb lub qhov txhab nyob rau sab laug ntawm tus dej Dnieper.
Kalka - ib tug dej uas ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog tseem nyob, uas tau mus nkaum nyob rau hauv thickets ntawm dej nyab, impassable rau cavalry. Kev hnyav hnyav thaum ntsib kev tawm tsam hnyav, cov Tatars tseem tuaj yeem tau mus rau Pereyaslav. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv dheev tig rov qab thaum Kyiv, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb, nyob hauv qhov yooj yim ncav cuag.
Kev xav txog qhov chaw Kalka nyob
Nws yog dav ntseeg tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Kalka tau tshwm sim hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub npe hu ua Pob Zeb Graves. Nws nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj av Donetsk ntawm Ukraine, 5 kilometers sab qab teb ntawm Rozovka. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus ntseeg tias Kalka yog tus dej, niaj hnub no lub npe hu ua ib txoj haujlwm ntawm Kalmius (Kalchik River).
Txawm li cas los xij, nws nyuaj rau ntseeg tias tau tawm hauv Crimea thiab tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb tib lub sijhawm, cov Tatar-Mongols los ntawm Oleshya tau hloov mus rau Polovtsian steppe, raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm lawv, txhawm rau khom rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog. cov tub rog Lavxias nyob ze ntawm lub pas dej qhuav qhuav. Nws kuj tsis zoo li ntawd, mus rau hauv lub Dnieper nrog sab xis bank down, cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab hla ntawm Oleshya mus rau sab laug thiab tsiv tsis muaj tsheb ciav hlau mus rau steppe ntawm ko taw.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txheeb xyuas cov npe qub ntawm ntau tus dej ntws ua rau lub tswv yim tiasKalka (dej) yog ib tug ancient Slavic transcription ntawm lub npe Kalkan-Su (Polovtsian), lub ntsiab lus "dej ntaub thaiv npog" hauv kev txhais lus. Nws tseem hu ua Iol-kinsu hauv Tatar, uas txhais tau tias "nees dej".
Yuan Shi, ib tug Suav chronicle ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, sau hais tias kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov Tatar-Mongols ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog tau tshwm sim nyob ze tus dej A-li-gi. Txhais lus, txhais tau tias "nees watering place". Ntawd yog, nws tuaj yeem xav tias tam sim no Konka yog qhov tsis paub tseeb Kalka, tus dej nyob ze uas muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo. Thiab lub roob uas sawv ntawm nws sab ntug dej, ob kilometers ntawm lub zos Yulyevka, yog lub heev "stony"
Nrhiav qhia tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalka tuaj yeem nyob ze lub zos Yulyevka
Nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog qhov chaw zoo dua rau Mstislav Romanovich lub chaw pw hav zoov. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub roob, ntawm qhov nqaim nkag, roob pob zeb tau pom - qhov seem ntawm cov fortifications. Tej zaum qhov no yog pov thawj tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Kalka tau tshwm sim hauv qhov chaw no.
Ntxim qab kawg, nws yog lub roob pear-puab uas siab tshaj 40 meters siab thiab 160 meters dav ntawm nws qhov dav tshaj plaws. "Pear" txuas nrog lub mainland "tail". Nws qhov dav tsuas yog 8-10 meters. Qhov no yog ib tug me me ceg av qab teb, los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntxuav los ntawm cov dej ntawm Konka River, thiab los ntawm sab hnub poob ncig los ntawm impassable thiab swampy Gorodysskaya beam. Cov neeg laus hauv zos hu lub toj no Saur-Mogila. Arrowheads, tej daim hlau rusty feem ntau pom nyob ze nws, thiab ib zaug ib tug hlau thauj tog rau nkoj tau khawb rau ntawm ntug dej. 12 meters ntawm ko taw, nyob rau sab qab teb txoj kab nqes ntawm Saur-Mogila, tau pomntaj ntaj, nrog rau ob peb xub xub thiab ib tug tsov ntxhuav bronze foob.
Hnub no, ib pawg me me ntawm cov kob tuaj yeem pom hauv Kakhovka Hiav Txwv, mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hla Konka. Lawv yog cov seem ntawm lub Great Kuchugurs, uas raug dej nyab los ntawm lub reservoir.
Txoj kev ntawm lub nroog medieval tau khaws cia rau yuav luag txhua tus. Lub npe txawv muab nws qhov chaw sib txawv. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalka, nws tau hu ua Samys (lub npe Turkic-Polovtsian), thiab cov Slavs hu ua cov pejxeem ntawm cov chaw no Bulgarians. Ntawm no, nrog rau ntau cov nyiaj thiab tooj liab npib ntawm ntau lub sijhawm, xub thawj, cov yuam sij, xauv, nplawm, tawg ntawm cov xa ntawv xa ntawv, cov duab tooj liab lub mis (cov cim), lub caj dab hryvnia, qhov seem ntawm nees hlua thiab lwm yam khoom los ntawm lub sijhawm. Kievan Rus tau pom.
Tau pom cov tub rog thiab cov khoom hauv tsev: tawg ntawm xub xub taub, daggers, sabers los ntawm Golden Horde. Tag nrho cov no qhia tias lub nroog tau txuas nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tshwm sim ntawm Kalka.
Bulgarians hauv keeb kwm
Nyob rau hauv cov hav dej hav dej, nkag tsis tau rau cov tub rog ntawm Tatars, cov seem ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias tau sib sau ua ke. Thaum, tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua, lub horde tau tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb, nrog rau cov Bulgarians, cov neeg nyob hauv Samys, lawv tau tawm tsam lub yeej los ntawm Mongol-Tatars thiab rhuav tshem nws. Ntawm txoj kev mus rau lub nroog Pereyaslav, cov Tatars tau txais xov xwm ntawm no los ntawm cov tub txib.
Realizing tias Kyiv tsis tuaj yeem raug coj los ntawm cov qog tsis muaj zog, temniki txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau Kalka txhawm rau ua pauj.ib tug daring raid los ntawm cov Russians thiab tshem tawm ntawm lawv cov khoom nyiag nyob rau hauv lub Crimea. Cov annals qhia tias, tau tig rov qab, cov Tatars tawm tsam Bulgarians (1223, Kalka River). Cov neeg no tau raug coj mus rau tom qab kev kawm rau Volga Bulgarians.
Hnub no kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Kalka (1223) raug suav hais tias yog cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ua ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav hauv lub zog. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj yog kev sib ntaus sib tua uas cov kwv tij ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm Ancient Russia tau tuav ua ke nrog ntshav.
Pom faus
Lub xub ntiag ntawm qhov ntxa tuaj yeem qhia qhov chaw Kalka River nyob, nrog rau qhov chaw tseeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Polovtsy thiab Mstislav Udaly. Ntawm txoj kev mus rau Komishuvakha, 7 km ntawm Savur-mogila, muaj ntau lub humps nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj, lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog tsis paub. Tej zaum qhov no yog qhov tseeb…
Lub cev tuag ntawm cov Tatars raug hlawv, raws li kev cai. Cov seem ntawm peb lub cub tawg tau khaws cia ntawm qhov chaw nyob ze. Cov no yog cov pits nrog cov phab ntsa hlawv, txog li 3 meters hauv txoj kab uas hla, thiab mus txog 4 meters tob. Ob peb daim bronze tau pom nyob rau hauv cov tshauv. Tej zaum lawv tau siv buckles lossis xub daig hauv lub cev.
Zoo kawg
Yog li, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus dej Kalka tau tshwm sim xyoo 1223. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov keeb kwm tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm ua pov thawj nws qhov chaw nyob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib piv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg, riam phom, nrog rau qhov chaw raug liam tias qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim, muab lub laj thawj rau kev ntseeg tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalka yog ib qho xwm txheej uas tshwm sim ntawm ntug dej ntawm Konka hauv lub yeej rog. ntawm cov uas niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Zaporozhye, nyob ze lub zos ntawm Yulyevka.
Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kalkaxaus nrog swb ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Tswj kom khiav Mstislav Udaly. Muaj ntau tus neeg raug mob thiab raug tua nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua, tsuas yog ib feem kaum ntawm cov tub rog tau dim. Thiab cov Tatar-Mongols taug kev thoob plaws hauv thaj av Chernigov mus rau Novgorod-Seversky. Cov neeg lim hiam ntawm Subedei thiab Jebe tau txib cov tub rog no. Lawv ntxub cov Russians thiab rhuav tshem txhua yam hauv lawv txoj kev, sowing kev puas tsuaj thiab kev tuag nyob ib puag ncig. Cov neeg nkaum hauv hav zoov, ntshai ntawm cov kev tawm tsam no, txhawm rau cawm lawv txoj sia.
