Hauv qhov xwm txheej, ntau lub atoms muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv khi, tsim cov koom haum tshwj xeeb hu ua molecules. Txawm li cas los xij, inert gases, qhia lawv lub npe, tsim monatomic units. Cov qauv molecular ntawm ib yam khoom feem ntau hais txog covalent bonds. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj qhov hu ua conditionally tsis muaj zog cuam tshuam ntawm atoms. Molecules tuaj yeem loj, muaj ntau lab tus atoms. Nyob qhov twg muaj xws li ib tug complex molecular qauv? Piv txwv yog ntau yam organic xws li quaternary proteins thiab DNA.
No chemicals
Covalent bonds uas tuav cov atoms ua ke muaj zog heev. Tab sis cov khoom ntawm lub cev ntawm ib yam khoom tsis nyob ntawm qhov no, lawv nyob ntawm van der Waals rog thiab hydrogen bonds, uas ua kom muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom nyob sib ze ntawm cov qauv nrog ib leeg. Cov qauv molecular ntawm cov kua, roj los yog cov khoom uas tsis tshua muaj melting kuj piav qhia txog lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke uas peb saib lawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuavhloov lub xeev ntawm cov teeb meem, tsuas yog cua sov los yog txias nws. Covalent daim ntawv cog lus tsis tawg.
Ciam teb rau kev pib txheej txheem
Lub gassing thiab melting cov ntsiab lus yuav siab lossis qis npaum li cas? Nws nyob ntawm lub zog ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm intermolecular. Hydrogen bonds nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom ua rau kom qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation. Qhov loj dua cov molecules, ntau qhov kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm van der Waals lawv muaj, qhov nyuaj dua nws yog ua kom muaj cov khoom ua kua los yog kua gaseous.
Ntawm ntawm ammonia
Cov tshuaj paub ntau yam tsis soluble hauv dej kiag li. Thiab cov uas yaj, sib cuam tshuam, feem ntau nrog kev tsim cov hydrogen bonds tshiab. Ib qho piv txwv yog ammonia. Nws muaj peev xwm ua txhaum hydrogen bonds ntawm cov dej molecules thiab ua tiav nws tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib pauv ion pauv tshwm sim, tab sis nws tsis ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tawg ntawm ammonia. Ammonia tshuav tus txheej txheem no feem ntau rau hydrogen bonds. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus ob qho tib si, cov txheej txheem feem ntau tuaj yeem nyob hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm qee qhov kub thiab txias. Lwm cov tshuaj soluble, xws li ethanol thiab qab zib, kuj khi zoo nrog dej los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam hauv nruab nrab.
Lwm yam yog vim li cas
Solubility hauv cov kua organic yog muab los ntawm kev tsim ntawm van der Waals daim ntawv cog lus. Hauv qhov no, kev sib cuam tshuam hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov kuab tshuaj raug rhuav tshem. Lub solute khi rau nws cov molecules, tsim ib homogeneous-saib sib tov. Ntau txoj kev ua neej tau dhau losua tau vim cov khoom ntawm cov organic tshuaj.
Toku - no
Vim li cas cov tshuaj feem ntau tsis ua hluav taws xob? Cov qauv molecular tsis pub! Qhov tam sim no yuav tsum muaj kev txav mus ib txhij ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntau, ib hom "kev ua liaj ua teb" ntawm lawv. Qhov no tshwm sim nrog cov hlau, tab sis nws yuav luag tsis tshwm sim nrog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Nyob ntawm ciam teb nrog rau cov cuab yeej no yog cov khoom siv semiconductor uas muaj qhov nruab nrab-dependent hluav taws xob conductivity.
Ntau cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem piav qhia yooj yim yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv molecular ntawm cov khoom muab. Cov xeev suav tau kawm tau zoo los ntawm physics niaj hnub.
