Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog rau lub cev yog carbohydrates, proteins, ntxhia ntsev, rog, vitamins. Lawv ua kom nws cov haujlwm ib txwm ua, cia lub cev ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj teeb meem. Cov zaub mov yog qhov chaw ntawm lub zog hauv tib neeg lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ua raws li cov khoom siv hauv tsev, txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov hlwb tshiab uas tshwm sim hauv qhov chaw tuag. Hauv daim ntawv uas lawv tau noj, lawv tsis tuaj yeem nqus tau thiab siv los ntawm lub cev. Tsuas yog dej, nrog rau cov vitamins thiab ntxhia ntsev, tau zom thiab nqus rau hauv daim ntawv uas lawv tuaj.
Lub ntsiab ntawm lub zog rau lub cev yog cov protein, carbohydrates, rog. Nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov, lawv raug tsis yog tsuas yog rau lub cev muaj zog (sib tsoo thiab crushed), tab sis kuj rau cov tshuaj hloov pauv uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov enzymes uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua txiv ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav tshwj xeeb.
Protein structure
Nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu muaj ib yam khoom uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej. Cov tshuaj no yog cov protein. Protein lub cev tau pom los ntawm biochemist Gerard Mulder hauv xyoo 1838. Nws yog nws uas tsim txoj kev xav ntawm cov protein. Lo lus "protein" los ntawm cov lus Greek txhais tau tias "hauv thawj qhov chaw." Kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm qhov hnyav qhuav ntawm txhua yam kab mob yog tsim los ntawm cov proteins. Hauv cov kab mob, cov ntsiab lus no txawv ntawm 45-95 feem pua.
Thaum tham txog dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog hauv lub cev, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej cov protein molecules. Lawv nyob hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm lom neeg thiab qhov tseem ceeb.
Kev ua haujlwm thiab qhov chaw nyob hauv lub cev
Kwv yees li 30% ntawm cov protein sib txuas nyob hauv cov leeg, kwv yees li 20% pom hauv cov leeg thiab cov pob txha, thiab 10% pom hauv daim tawv nqaij. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov kab mob yog cov enzymes uas tswj cov txheej txheem tshuaj metabolic: kev zom zaub mov, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qog endocrine, lub hlwb ua haujlwm, thiab cov leeg nqaij. Txawm cov kab mob me me muaj ntau pua enzymes.
Proteins yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlwb nyob. Lawv muaj hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, thiab qee qhov kuj muaj phosphorus. Ib qho yuav tsum muaj tshuaj lom neeg muaj nyob rau hauv cov protein molecules yog nitrogen. Tias yog vim li cas cov organic tshuaj no hu ua nitrogen-muaj cov tebchaw.
Txoj kev thiab hloov pauv ntawm cov protein hauv lub cev
HlubNyob rau hauv lub digestive ib ntsuj av, lawv tau tawg mus rau hauv cov amino acids, uas yog absorbed rau hauv cov hlab ntsha thiab siv los synthesize ib tug kab mob tshwj xeeb peptide, ces oxidized rau dej thiab carbon dioxide. Thaum kub nce, cov protein molecule coagulates. Molecules paub tias tuaj yeem yaj hauv dej tsuas yog thaum cua sov. Piv txwv li, gelatin muaj cov khoom zoo li no.
Tom qab nqus tau, zaub mov thawj zaug nkag rau hauv qhov ncauj, ces nws txav mus rau hauv txoj hlab pas, nkag mus rau hauv plab. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid ntawm ib puag ncig, uas yog muab los ntawm hydrochloric acid. Cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj cov enzyme pepsin, uas zom cov protein molecules rau hauv albumoses thiab peptones. Cov tshuaj no tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic. Cov zaub mov uas nkag mus rau hauv lub plab tuaj yeem nyob hauv nws li 3-10 teev, nyob ntawm nws lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau thiab xwm. Pancreatic kua txiv muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv alkaline, nws muaj cov enzymes uas tuaj yeem zom cov rog, carbohydrates, cov protein.
Ntawm nws cov enzymes tseem ceeb, trypsin cais tawm, uas nyob hauv cov kua txiv pancreatic hauv daim ntawv ntawm trypsinogen. Nws tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov protein, tab sis thaum sib cuag nrog cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nws hloov mus rau hauv cov tshuaj nquag - enterokinase. Trypsin rhuav tshem cov proteins rau hauv cov amino acids. Kev ua zaub mov hauv cov hnyuv me yuav xaus. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub duodenum thiab nyob rau hauv lub plab rog, carbohydrates, cov proteins yuav luag tag nrho decomposed, ces nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv muaj ib tug ua tiav kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov as-ham, nqus cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau hauv cov ntshav. Cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm los ntawm capillaries, txhua yam uasmus txog lub villi nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm txoj hnyuv.
Y
Protein metabolism
Tom qab cov protein tau tawg tag rau hauv cov amino acids hauv cov hnyuv, lawv tau nqus mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Nws kuj muaj ib qho me me ntawm polypeptides. Los ntawm cov amino acid residues nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm ib tug muaj sia nyob, ib tug tshwj xeeb protein yog synthesized uas ib tug neeg los yog tsiaj xav tau kev pab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov protein molecules tshiab txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, txij li cov cell tuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij, cov ntshav, cov hnyuv, thiab cov mucous membranes raug tshem tawm, thiab cov cell hluas raug tsim nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw.
Yuav kom cov proteins los ua ke, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub plab zom mov nrog zaub mov. Yog tias cov tshuaj polypeptide nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav, hla lub plab zom mov, tib neeg lub cev tsis tuaj yeem siv nws. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub xeev ntawm tib neeg lub cev, ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem: kub taub hau, ua pa tuag tes tuag taw, plawv tsis ua hauj lwm, convulsions.
Proteins tsis tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm lwm yam khoom noj, vim amino acids tsim nyog rau lawv cov synthesis hauv lub cev. Qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov tshuaj no ua rau ncua lossis ncua kev loj hlob.
Saccharides
Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias carbohydrates yog lub cev lub zog tseem ceeb. Lawv yog ib pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas pebkab mob. Lub zog ntawm cov kab mob no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm photosynthesis. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag muaj sia tuaj yeem hloov pauv ntawm 1-2 feem pua, thiab qee qhov xwm txheej no nce mus txog 85-90 feem pua.
Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia yog monosaccharides: qabzib, fructose, ribose.
Carbohydrates muaj oxygen, hydrogen, carbon atoms. Piv txwv li, qabzib - qhov chaw ntawm lub zog hauv lub cev, muaj cov mis mos C6H12O6. Muaj kev faib tawm ntawm tag nrho cov carbohydrates (los ntawm cov qauv) rau hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim thiab nyuaj: mono- thiab polysaccharides. Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms, monosaccharides muab faib ua ob peb pawg:
- trios;
- tetroses;
- pentoses;
- hexoses;
- heptoses.
Monosaccharides uas muaj tsib lossis ntau dua carbon atoms tuaj yeem tsim lub nplhaib qauv thaum yaj hauv dej.
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog hauv lub cev yog qabzib. Deoxyribose thiab ribose yog carbohydrates ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau nucleic acids thiab ATP.
Glucose yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog hauv lub cev. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm monosaccharides ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau biosynthesis ntawm ntau cov organic tebchaw, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom los ntawm nws, uas los ntawm sab nraud los yog tsim los ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov protein molecules.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm disaccharides
Monosaccharide thiab disaccharide yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog rau lub cev. Thaum ua kemonosaccharides raug cais tawm, thiab cov khoom ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam yog disaccharide.
Sucrose (cane qab zib), m altose (m alt qab zib), lactose (mis qab zib) yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg no.
Qhov no lub zog rau lub cev raws li disaccharides tsim nyog kawm kom ntxaws. Lawv yog cov heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab muaj ib tug qab zib saj. Kev noj sucrose ntau dhau ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo hauv lub cev, uas yog vim li cas nws tseem ceeb heev kom ua raws li cov cai.
YPolysaccharides
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog rau lub cev yog cov khoom xws li cellulose, glycogen, starch.
Ua ntej tshaj, ib qho ntawm lawv tuaj yeem suav tias yog lub zog rau tib neeg lub cev. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lawv enzymatic cleavage thiab lwj, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog raug tso tawm, siv los ntawm ib tug nyob cell.
Lub zog no rau lub cev ua lwm yam haujlwm tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, chitin, cellulose yog siv los ua khoom siv hauv tsev. Polysaccharides zoo heev rau lub cev raws li cov khoom sib txuas, vim lawv tsis yaj hauv dej, tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg thiab osmotic nyhuv ntawm tes. Cov khoom zoo li no tso cai rau lawv nyob mus ntev hauv lub cell nyob. Thaum lub cev qhuav dej, polysaccharides tuaj yeem ua kom cov khoom khaws cia ntau ntxiv vim khaws cia ntim.
Lub zog ntawm lub cev muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov kab mob pathogenic uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cev nrog zaub mov. Yog hais tias tsim nyog, thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis, transformation ntawm sparepolysaccharides rau hauv cov suab thaj yooj yim.
Carb pauv
Lub cev lub ntsiab ntawm lub zog ua li cas? Carbohydrates tau nkag mus rau ntau dua hauv daim ntawv ntawm polysaccharides, piv txwv li, hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm hydrolysis, qabzib yog tsim los ntawm nws. Cov monosaccharide yog nqus mus rau hauv cov ntshav, ua tsaug rau ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam nruab nrab, nws tau tawg ua carbon dioxide thiab dej. Tom qab qhov kawg oxidation, lub zog tso tawm, uas lub cev siv.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais m alt qab zib thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tau ncaj qha rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, enzyme ptyalin ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hauv cov hnyuv me, carbohydrates zom mus rau hauv monosaccharides. Lawv absorbed rau hauv cov ntshav feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm qabzib. Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv sab sauv, tab sis yuav luag tsis muaj carbohydrates nyob rau hauv qis dua. Ua ke nrog cov ntshav, saccharides nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha portal thiab ncav cuag lub siab. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum lub concentration ntawm qab zib nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov ntshav yog 0.1%, carbohydrates nkag mus rau hauv lub siab thiab mus rau hauv lub dav dav.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tswj cov piam thaj kom tsis tu ncua hauv cov ntshav ze li 0.1%. Nrog rau kev noj ntau dhau ntawm saccharides rau hauv cov ntshav, qhov ntau dhau hauv daim siab. Cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws yog nrog los ntawm kev poob qis hauv cov ntshav qab zib.
Hloov pauv hauv lub cev qab zib
Yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab muaj nyob hauv cov zaub mov, qhov no tsis ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv cov ntshav qab zib, txij li cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrolysis ntawm polysaccharide siv sijhawm ntev. Yog hais tias qhov koob tshuaj ntawm cov piam thaj tawm txog 15-200 grams, muaj qhov nce ntxiv hauv nwscov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntshav. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua alimentary lossis khoom noj khoom haus hyperglycemia. Cov piam thaj ntau dhau tau tawm los ntawm lub raum, yog li cov zis muaj cov piam thaj.
Lub raum pib tshem cov piam thaj hauv lub cev yog tias nws qib hauv cov ntshav nce mus txog 0.15-0.18%. Ib qho tshwm sim zoo sib xws tshwm sim nrog kev siv ib zaug ntawm cov piam thaj ntau, dhau mus sai txaus, tsis ua rau muaj kev ua txhaum loj ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv lub cev.
Yog tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txiav ua haujlwm ntawm lub txiav ua haujlwm raug cuam tshuam, muaj kab mob xws li ntshav qab zib mellitus tshwm sim. Nws yog nrog los ntawm kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav, uas ua rau lub siab tsis muaj peev xwm khaws cov piam thaj, vim li ntawd, cov piam thaj tau tawm hauv cov zis los ntawm lub cev.
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm glycogen tuaj yeem tso rau hauv cov leeg, ntawm no nws yuav tsum tau ua hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg uas tshwm sim thaum cov leeg nqaij.
Ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov piam thaj
Tus nqi ntawm cov piam thaj rau cov kab mob muaj sia tsis txwv rau lub zog ua haujlwm. Kev xav tau cov piam thaj nce ntxiv nrog rau kev ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm lub cev. Qhov kev xav tau no tau ntsib los ntawm kev tawg ntawm glycogen hauv lub siab mus rau hauv cov piam thaj, uas nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha.
Cov monosaccharide no kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv protoplasm ntawm cov hlwb, yog li nws yuav tsum tau tsim cov hlwb tshiab, qabzib yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm kev loj hlob. Qhov no monosaccharide yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm tag nrho ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb. Sai li qhov concentration ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav poob mus rau 0.04%,convulsions tshwm sim, tus neeg tsis nco qab. Qhov no yog ib qho kev lees paub ncaj qha tias qhov txo qis hauv cov ntshav qab zib ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tam sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb. Yog hais tias tus neeg mob tau txhaj cov piam thaj rau hauv cov ntshav los yog muab cov khoom noj qab zib, tag nrho cov teeb meem yuav ploj mus. Nrog kev txo qis hauv cov ntshav qab zib ntev, hypoglycemia tshwm sim. Nws ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj ntawm lub cev, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus.
Fat in luv
Cov rog tuaj yeem suav tias yog lwm lub zog rau lub cev muaj sia. Lawv muaj cov pa roj carbon, oxygen thiab hydrogen. Cov rog muaj cov qauv tshuaj complex, lawv yog cov tebchaw ntawm polyhydric cawv glycerol thiab fatty carboxylic acids.
Thaum lub sijhawm digestive, rog tau tawg mus rau hauv nws cov khoom siv los ntawm qhov uas nws tau muab los. Nws yog cov rog uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm protoplasm, muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, kabmob, cov hlwb ntawm ib tug muaj sia nyob. Lawv raug suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog. Kev tawg ntawm cov organic tebchaw no pib hauv plab. Cov kua txiv gastric muaj lipase, uas hloov cov roj molecules rau glycerol thiab carboxylic acid.
Glycerin yog absorbed zoo kawg nkaus, vim nws muaj solubility zoo hauv dej. Cov kua tsib yog siv los yaj cov kua qaub. Raws li nws cov cawv, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lipase ntawm cov rog nce mus txog 15-20 zaug. Los ntawm lub plab, cov zaub mov txav mus rau duodenum, qhov twg, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nws tau tawg ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom uas tuaj yeem nqus tau rau hauv cov qog ntshav thiab cov ntshav.
Tom ntej zaub mov grueltxav los ntawm txoj hnyuv, nkag mus rau hauv cov hnyuv. Ntawm no nws yog kiag li tawg nyob rau hauv lub cawv ntawm plab hnyuv kua txiv, raws li zoo raws li nqus. Tsis zoo li cov khoom tawg ntawm cov protein thiab carbohydrates, cov khoom tau los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm cov rog yog absorbed rau hauv lymph. Glycerin thiab xab npum, tom qab dhau los ntawm cov hlwb ntawm lub plab hnyuv mucosa, ua ke rov ua rog.
suav nrog, peb nco ntsoov tias lub zog tseem ceeb rau tib neeg lub cev thiab tsiaj txhu yog cov protein, rog, carbohydrates. Nws yog ua tsaug rau carbohydrate, protein metabolism, nrog rau kev tsim ntawm lub zog ntxiv, uas lub cev muaj sia ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj zaub mov kom ntev, txwv koj tus kheej hauv ib qho kab lossis cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, txwv tsis pub nws yuav cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv.
