Rau qhov feem ntau, cov pob zeb tsim pob zeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb pob zeb - pob zeb. Feem ntau yog quartz, micas, feldspars, amphiboles, olivine, pyroxenes, thiab lwm yam. Meteorites thiab lunar pob zeb kuj raug xa mus rau lawv. Txhua lub pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb muaj nyob rau hauv ib los yog lwm chav kawm - mus rau lub ntsiab, uas yog ntau tshaj li kaum feem pua, me - mus txog rau kaum feem pua, accessory - tsawg tshaj li ib feem pua. Lub ntsiab, uas yog, yooj yim, yog silicates, carbonates, oxides, chlorides los yog sulfates.
Qhov txawv
pob zeb-forming ntxhia tuaj yeem yog lub teeb (leucocratic, salic), xws li quartz, feldspathoids, feldspars, thiab lwm yam, thiab tsaus nti (melanocratic, mafic), xws li olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles, biotite, thiab lwm yam. Lawv kuj txawv ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov pob zeb tsim pob zeb yog silicate, carbonate lossis halogen pob zeb. Paragenesis - kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau hom uas txiav txim siab lub npe, hu ua cardinal. Piv txwv li, oligoclase yog ua ke nrog granites,microcline los yog quartz.
Cov pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb uas muab lub pob zeb ib qho chaw hauv petrographic systematics - kuaj mob lossis cov tsos mob. Cov no yog quartz, feldspathoids thiab olivine. Minerals kuj txawv raws li thawj, syngenetic, tsim tag nrho cov pob zeb, thiab theem nrab, tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hloov ntawm pob zeb. Cov tshuaj lom neeg uas ua rau cov pob zeb tsim cov pob zeb tseem ceeb hu ua petrogenic. Cov no yog O, H, F, S, C, Cl, Mg, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K.
Txoj kev ntawm cov zaub mov
Crystal qauv thiab tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg txiav txim siab tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov zaub mov. Kev kuaj mob yog nqa tawm siv ntau txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam - spectral tsom xam, tshuaj, electron microscopic, X-ray diffraction. Hauv kev xyaum ua haujlwm, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws (kev kuaj mob) cov khoom ntawm cov zaub mov raug txiav txim siab pom tseeb, los ntawm qhov muag. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txiav txim siab meej ntawm cov pob zeb yuav tsum muaj ntau yam kev kuaj mob. Qee lub zog ntawm cov ntxhia sib txawv tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke, thaum lwm tus tsis tuaj yeem.
Nws nyob ntawm qhov muaj cov neeg kho tshuab impurities, tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib cais. Tsis tshua muaj, cov cuab yeej yooj yim yog cov yam ntxwv uas lawv tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas txhua lub roob pob zeb. Cov cuab yeej kuaj mob tau muab faib ua peb pawg. Optical thiab mechanical pawg, vim lawv cov khoom, tso cai rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom rau txhua lub pob zeb yam tsis muaj kev zam. Pab pawg thib peb - lwm tus, nrog cov khoom siv los kuaj xyuas cov zaub mov tshwj xeeb.
Monomineral thiab polymineral pob zeb
Pob zeb ntawm pob zeb yog cov pob zeb loj ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av uas npog lub ntiaj teb, koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm nws cov pob zeb. Ntawm no, raws li twb tau hais lawm, cov tshuaj sib txawv kiag li hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg tau koom nrog. Cov pob zeb uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ib qho ntxhia hu ua monomineral, thiab tag nrho lwm yam, muaj ob lossis ntau hom pob zeb, hu ua polymineral. Piv txwv li, limestone yog calcite nkaus, yog li nws yog monomineral. Tab sis granites muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lawv suav nrog quartz, thiab mica, thiab feldspar, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Mono- thiab polyminerality nyob ntawm seb cov txheej txheem geological tau tshwm sim hauv cheeb tsam. Koj tuaj yeem nqa ib lub roob pob zeb thiab txiav txim siab thaj tsam tiag, txawm tias thaj chaw uas nws tau coj mus. Lawv zoo sib xws, thiab tib lub sijhawm yuav luag tsis rov ua dua. Cov no yog tag nrho cov pob zeb kawm. Muaj ntau lub pob zeb, lawv txhua tus zoo ib yam, tab sis lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj raug tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv.
Keeb Kwm
Raws li cov xwm txheej uas tsim cov roob tshwm sim, sedimentary, metamorphic thiab igneous pob zeb yog qhov txawv. Igneous pob zeb yog cov tsim los ntawm kev tawg ntawm magma. Lub pob zeb liab-kub, molten, txias, tig mus rau hauv cov khoom crystalline. Cov txheej txheem no tseem niaj hnub no.
Molten magma muaj ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg uas cuam tshuam los ntawm kev kub siab thiab kub,thaum muaj ntau lub tebchaw nyob hauv lub xeev gaseous. Lub siab thawb lub magma rau saum npoo los yog los ze rau nws thiab pib txias. Thaum tshav kub ntau poob, qhov ceev cov huab hwm coj crystallizes. Tus nqi ntawm crystallization kuj txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm cov muaju. Nyob rau saum npoo, cov txheej txheem txias yog ceev ceev, gases khiav tawm, yog li lub pob zeb hloov mus ua zoo-grained, thiab loj muaju nyob rau hauv qhov tob.
Erupted thiab tob crystalline pob zeb
Crystalized magma muab faib ua ob lub ntsiab lus uas muab cov pab pawg lawv lub npe. Cov pob zeb igneous muaj xws li ib pawg ntawm effusive, uas yog, erupted, raws li zoo raws li ib pawg ntawm intrusive - tob crystallization. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, magma txias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv, thiab yog li ntawd cov pob zeb-forming ntxhia hloov mus rau qhov sib txawv. Lub outpouring nrog lub volatilization ntawm gases yog enriched nyob rau hauv ib co tshuaj tebchaw thiab ua tsis zoo rau lwm tus. Cov crystals me me. Hauv qhov sib sib zog nqus magma, cov tshuaj sib txuas tsis pom cov tshiab, cov cua sov poob qeeb, thiab yog li cov crystals loj hauv cov qauv.
Cov pob zeb uas ntws tawm yog sawv cev los ntawm bas alts thiab andesites, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm lawv, liparite tsawg dua, tag nrho lwm cov pob zeb hauv lub ntiaj teb crust tsis tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv qhov tob, porphyries thiab granites feem ntau tsim, muaj nees nkaum zaug ntau dua li lwm tus. Cov pob zeb tseem ceeb, nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm quartz, muab faib ua tsib pawg. Crystalline pob zeb suav nrog ntau yam impurities, uas yuav tsum tau sau tseg ntau yam micro- thiabultramicroelements, vim hais tias txhua yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag npog lub ntiaj teb crust.
Magma
Magma muaj yuav luag tag nrho lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, dominated Ti, Na, Mg, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, thiab ntau yam volatile Cheebtsam - chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon thiab nws oxides, thiab lwm yam, ntxiv rau dej hauv daim ntawv ntawm chav dej. Thaum magma txav mus rau saum npoo, tus nqi ntawm cov tom kawg tau txo qis heev. Thaum txias, magma ua silicate, ib qho ntxhia uas yog ntau hom silica compounds. Tag nrho cov minerals ntawm no yog hu ua silicates - nrog ntsev ntawm silicic acids. Aluminosilicates muaj ntsev ntawm aluminosilicic acids.
Bas altic magma yog qhov yooj yim, nws muaj qhov dav tshaj plaws thiab muaj ib nrab silica, qhov seem tsib caug feem pua yog magnesium, hlau, calcium, txhuas (tseem ceeb), phosphorus, titanium, potassium, sodium (tsawg dua). Bas alt magmas yog subdivided rau hauv tholeiite supersaturated nrog silica thiab olivine-bas alt enriched nrog alkalis. Granite magma yog acidic, rhyolite, nws muaj ntau silica, mus txog rau caum feem pua, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ceev nws yog ntau viscous, tsawg mobile thiab heev saturated nrog gases. Txhua qhov ntim ntawm magma yog hloov zuj zus mus tas li, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj.
YSilicates
Qhov no yog cov chav kawm dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntxhia hauv ntuj - ntau dua li xya caum tsib feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov huab hwm coj ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, nrog rau ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov minerals paub. Feem ntau ntawm lawv -pob zeb-forming thiab igneous, thiab metamorphic keeb kwm. Silicates kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb sedimentary, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub rau tib neeg, ua cov ore kom tau txais cov hlau (hlau silicate, piv txwv li) thiab mined ua minerals.
Lawv muaj cov qauv tsim thiab tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov txheej txheem lattice yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj cov ionic tetravalent pawg SiO4 - ob tetraerd. Silicates yog kob, nplhaib, saw, daim kab xev, daim ntawv (txheej), ncej. Qhov kev faib tawm no nyob ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm silicon-oxygen tetraerds.
Txoj kev faib tawm
Niaj hnub nimno taxonomy nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no tau pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum nws tau loj hlob zoo heev raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm petrography-petrology. Xyoo 1962, Pawg Neeg Petrographic tau tsim thawj zaug hauv USSR. Tam sim no lub tsev haujlwm no nyob hauv Moscow IGEM RAS.
Los ntawm qib ntawm cov kev hloov pauv theem nrab, cov pob zeb effusive txawv raws li cainotype - hluas, tsis hloov, thiab paleotype - qub, uas recrystallized dhau sijhawm. Cov no yog volcanogenic, pob zeb clastic, uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm tawg thiab muaj pyroclastites (debris). Kev faib tshuaj lom neeg txhais tau tias faib ua pawg nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm silica. Igneous pob zeb tuaj yeem yog ultrabasic, yooj yim, nruab nrab, acid thiab ultra-acid nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Batholiths thiab stocks
Loj heev, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov pob zeb intrusive hu ua batholiths. Thaj tsam ntawm xws liformations yuav xam tau nyob rau hauv ntau txhiab square kilometers. Cov no yog cov hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov roob folded, qhov twg cov batholiths txuas mus rau tag nrho cov roob. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm ntxhib-grained granites nrog outgrowths, txheej txheem thiab protrusions, tsim los ntawm intrusion ntawm granite magma.
Lub qia muaj ib qho elliptical lossis sib npaug hauv ntu ntu. Lawv yog cov me dua li ntawm qhov loj me - feem ntau me ntsis tsawg dua li ib puas square kilometers, qee zaum - tag nrho ob puas, tab sis lawv zoo sib xws hauv lwm yam khoom. Ntau cov khoom lag luam protrude los ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub batholith zoo li lub dome. Lawv cov phab ntsa ntog ntog, cov kab lus tsis yog lawm.
Laccoliths, etmolites, lopolites, dikes
Ncej-puab los yog dome-puab formations tsim los ntawm viscous magmas yog hu ua laccoliths. Lawv muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv pab pawg. Lawv me me - txog li ob peb kilometers hauv txoj kab uas hla. Laccoliths, loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm magma, nqa lub pob zeb tsis cuam tshuam lub txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Lawv zoo ib yam li nceb. Etmolites, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog funnel-puab, nrog ib feem nyias. Pom tau tias, lub qhov nqaim ua lub qhov hluav taws xob rau magma.
Lopolites muaj lub cev zoo li lub cev, convex downwards thiab nrog tsa sawv. Lawv kuj zoo li loj hlob hauv av, tsis cuam tshuam lub ntiaj teb saum npoo, tab sis zoo li ncab nws. Cov kab nrib pleb tshwm hauv cov pob zeb sai dua lossis tom qab - rau ntau yam. Magma xav tias qhov chaw tsis muaj zog thiab nyob rau hauv lub siab pib sau tag nrho cov qhov khoob thiab cov kab nrib pleb, tib lub sij hawm nqus cov pob zeb nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev kub ntxhov loj. Qhov no yog li cas dikes raug tsim. Lawv me me - nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla los ntawm ib nrab ib 'meter' mus rau pua pua meters, tab sis txawmtsis txhob tshaj rau kilometers. Txij li thaum lub magma nyob rau hauv lub fissures txias sai heev, lub dikes yeej ib txwm zoo-grained. Yog hais tias cov pob zeb nqaim pom nyob rau hauv lub roob, cov pob zeb feem ntau yuav dikes vim lawv tiv taus kev yaig ntau dua li cov pob zeb nyob ib puag ncig.
