Tsis yog ib lo lus ntawm cov lus Lavxias hauv kab lus tuaj yeem nyob ntawm nws tus kheej. Txhawm rau kom cov lus hais kom nkag siab, yuav tsum muaj kev sib txuas ntawm txhua qhov ntawm nws. Nws yog qhov kev sib txuas uas yog hu ua syntactic, uas yog tsim los siv rooj plaub ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Muaj kaum qhov xwm txheej zoo li no tag nrho, tab sis rau qhov raug qhia hauv tsev kawm, tab sis hauv kev hais lus yooj yim lawv tau siv tag nrho, txawm hais tias lawv muaj qhov teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb.
Role of case
Kev sib txuas ntawm cov lus hauv kab lus li cas? Dab tsi ntawm kev hais lus cuam tshuam? Yuav ua li cas cov lus tshiab tsim? Yuav ua li cas muab cov lus nug ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub tswv yim? Dab tsi yog cov lus nug ntawm adjectives, nouns thiab lwm yam ntawm kev hais lus? Cov no thiab ntau lwm yam uas muaj feem xyuam rau nqe lus no ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv pib ntawm qib peb. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, cov nram qab no qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus hloov, los yog poob raws li cov ntaub ntawv: noun, pronoun, adjective thiab zauv. Ntxiv mus, qhov no yog qhia nyob rau hauv ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv lub xaus. Thiab txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov lus twg, cov lus nug raug muab tso rau nws.
Qhov tseeb, kev kawm kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus no tsis yog qhov nyuaj. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, cov menyuam yaus muaj kev txaus siab thiab txawm tias lom zem rhymes, txhua lo lus pib nrog tsab ntawv loj ntawm cov npe ntawm cov xwm txheej. Piv txwv li: Ivan yug tau ib tug ntxhais thiab txib kom rub lub pawm.
Cas system ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob ntawm cov haujlwm tau ua, lub npe tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau. Cov txheej txheem no yog hu ua declension, thiab nws yog ua tsaug rau nws tias cov lus nyob rau hauv kab lus muaj lub luag hauj lwm syntactic thiab kev sib txuas nrog ib leeg. Txwv tsis pub nws yuav yog ib daim ntawv teev cov lus. Nov yog cov lus nug ntawm cov lus Lavxias, uas txiav txim siab lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub npe hauv kab lus:
Nominative, or Im. p. - tswv, tsev - leej twg? dab tsi?
Genitive, lossis R. p. - masters, tom tsev - leej twg? dab tsi?
Dative, or D. p. - rau tus tswv, rau tsev - rau leej twg? dab tsi?
Kev liam, lossis V. p. - tswv, tsev - leej twg? dab tsi?
Creative, or Etc. - tswv, tsev - los ntawm leej twg? dab tsi?
Prepositional, or P. p. - hais txog tus tswv, txog tsev - txog leej twg? hais txog dab tsi?
Txhua qhov xwm txheej, tshwj tsis yog rau npe, muaj lub npe "indirect" thiab siv tau nrog lossis tsis muaj preposition (nws yog qhov kev pabcuam no ntawm kev hais lus uas ua haujlwm kom meej lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus). Qhov tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm no yog cov ntaub ntawv prepositional, uas yog ib qho ntawm tag nrho cov npe siv tshwj xeeb nrog cov preposition.
Kev paub ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv nrog cov txheej txheem no pib txhua lub sijhawm raws li tib lub tswv yim: ua ntej, cov menyuam raug muab los txiav txim cov lus nug los ntawm kev xaiv, tom qab ntawd lub npe ntawm rooj plaub raug hais, thiab hauvua kom tiav lub luag haujlwm ntawm lo lus hauv kab lus, uas yog, tus tswv cuab ntawm kab lus nws yog, lub ntsiab lossis theem nrab.
Ntseeg
Qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no yog tias lo lus nyob rau hauv cov lus nyob rau hauv rooj plaub nominative yeej ib txwm yog thawj daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv ib kab lus, txawm hais tias cov lus los yog ntau tshaj, cov lus no ib txwm ua raws li lub hauv paus grammatical, uas yog cov ntsiab lus.
Piv txwv: "Ib tug tub (cov lus nug - leej twg?) mus (nws ua dab tsi?) mus kawm ntawv." Ntawm no lo lus "tus tub tab tom taug kev" yog lub hauv paus grammatical, thiab lo lus "tub" yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub nominative.
Tab sis nws yooj yim tsis yooj yim sua kom ua cov kab lus no, qhov twg cov ntsiab lus tsis nyob rau hauv rooj plaub nominative.
Nyob zoo
Qhov nyuaj loj ntawm no yog cov lus nug ntawm rooj plaub muaj cov lus nug zoo sib xws, tshwj xeeb, qhov no siv rau cov teeb meem genitive thiab accusative. Thiab ntawm no cov lus qhia tuaj rau kev cawm. Yog li, cov prepositions "tsis muaj", "y", "to", "los", "los ntawm", "for" tsuas yog siv nrog cov lus hauv R. p. Raws li txoj cai, lawv suav nrog cov lus nug nws tus kheej.
Piv txwv:
- " Taug kev tsis muaj khau khiab (tsis muaj dab tsi?)".
- "Nqaij ntses (los ntawm dab tsi?)".
- "Tus ntxhais tuaj ntawm nws pog (los ntawm leej twg?)."
Dative
Ntawm no lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv ntawm lo lus yog ib qho yooj yim me ntsis, tab sis muaj ob qho xwm txheej thiab semantic teeb meem. Qhov no txhais li cas?
Piv txwv li: "Cov menyuam yaus dhia hauv txoj kev hauv tsev (dab tsi? - rooj lus nug; qhov twg? - semantic)".
Nws tseem ceeb heev kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov hom nocov lus nug, vim hais tias, siv daim ntawv semantic, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov teeb meem raug.
Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov preposition "rau" tsuas yog siv nrog D. p., thaum "los ntawm" tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog V. p., thiab nrog D. p., thiab nrog P. p..
Accusative
daim ntawv rooj plaub no kuj tseem yuav nyuaj me ntsis vim yog cov lus nug uas txhais nws. Vim lawv zoo ib yam li cov nom tswv thiab dative case.
Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem coj cov kab lus nthuav dav uas suab zoo li no:
"Tus nas pom nas." - Peb tab tom tham txog tus nas uas pom nas, tab sis cov lus twg yuav yog cov ntsiab lus? Yog tias peb ntxiv cov kab lus no, peb tau txais: "Tus nas pom nas, qaib thiab os." Nws tam sim ntawd paub meej tias cov lus twg yog ib feem ntawm lub hauv paus grammatical. Tias yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv Russia feem ntau cov ntsiab lus los ua ntej lub predicate. Yog li, nws yog qhov tseeb tias ib qho ntawm cov lus nyob hauv I. p., tab sis yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab rau daim ntawv thib ob? Puas yog R. p. lossis V. p.? Thiab dua peb yuav tsum tig mus rau kev xav. Ntawm no koj yuav tsum tsis txhob muab cov lus tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, koj yuav tsum tau muab lo lus nug ncaj qha los ntawm tus predicate: - "Tus nas pom (leej twg? Dab tsi?) nas."
Cov lus qhia hauv qab no yog siv nrog cov lus hauv cov lus hais: "txog", "los ntawm", "los ntawm", "rau".
Tshuaj ntsuab Instrumental
Raws li txoj cai, cov lus siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv instrumental yog ncaj qha mus rau lub predicate thiab yog siv nrog cov prepositions "saum toj" thiab "nrog". Yog li ntawd, thawj lub hauv paus grammatical yog qhov txawv ntawm kab lus, thiab tom qab ntawd cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tswv cuab theem nrab tau txiav txim siab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tshwm sim li ntawdkab lus tej zaum yuav tsis tiav grammatical hauv paus. Thiab ntawm no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ntes tau qhov ua tau los ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li: "Ib tug squirrel yog phooj ywg nrog ib tug pob, ib tug miv nrog ib tug nas, thiab ib tug luav nrog nyom."
Lub hauv paus ntawm kab lus "tus squirrel yog phooj ywg", "tus miv" thiab "tus luav" - los ntawm cov ntsiab lus nws pom tseeb tias nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm kab lus no tuaj yeem siv tau - "cov phooj ywg". Peb muab los ntawm nws lo lus nug "nrog leej twg?". Cov lus nug raug teb los ntawm lo lus "nrog nas" thiab lo lus "nrog cov nroj tsuag".
prepositional case
Cov ntaub ntawv no muaj nws tus kheej peculiarities: cov lus tsis siv ntawm no yam tsis muaj prepositions. Tseem muaj cov lus nug semantic uas yuav tsum tau kawm kom tshem tawm. Piv txwv li:
- "Tus tub kos (qhov twg? nyob rau hauv dab tsi?) tsob ntoo hauv album."
- "Dab loj hlob (qhov twg? ntawm dab tsi?) hauv lub vaj."
- "Hma pom (qhov twg? nyob rau hauv dab tsi?) nyob rau hauv hav zoov."
Cov lus nug ib txwm muab tso ua ke nrog cov preposition siv hauv kab lus.
lwm xwm
Ntxiv rau rau qhov tseem ceeb uas suav nrog hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, muaj qhov hu ua ntxiv.
- Vocative, lossis vocative. Raws li txoj cai, daim ntawv no yog siv thaum xa mus rau ib tug neeg. Piv txwv li: Anya yog Im.p., thiab An yog vocative. Cov ntaub ntawv no tsis yog tsim los tshiab, thiab nws cov ntaub ntawv tau khaws cia txij thaum ub los txog niaj hnub no hauv cov lus "Tus Tswv, Vajtswv", "laus", "txiv", thiab lwm yam.
- Quantitative-separative, paritive, los yog thib ob genitive. Raws li txoj cai, hauv tsev kawm ntawv, txhua yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no raug faib ua genitive.
- Local, los yog qhov chaw. Qhov nodaim ntawv feem ntau yog hloov los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv prepositional, tab sis qee zaum lawv tuaj yeem sib cais. Piv txwv li: "txog lub txee dai khaub ncaws" - txog dab tsi? thiab "hauv lub txee dai khaub ncaws" - qhov twg?
- Original, lossis ablative. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus noun denotes qhov chaw pib ntawm qhov kev txiav txim los yog txav thiab yog txawv los ntawm lub zos xwb los ntawm ib tug accent. Piv txwv li: "Kuv tawm hauv hav zoov."
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Thiab qhov no yog to taub: paub qhov intricacies ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv ib kab lus, koj muaj peev xwm paub tseeb hais tias ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm kev hais lus, qhov tseeb ntawm tag nrho cov xaus. Qhov no yuav zam tau ntau yam kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv, uas tseem ceeb heev hauv peb lub sijhawm ntawm kev kawm thiab thev naus laus zis zoo.
