Lub Tebchaws Hellenic yog lub tebchaws tshwj xeeb. Lub tsev ntawm kev kos duab, lub tswv yim thiab txawm keeb kwm nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, Greek lus yog ib qho ntawm feem nrov. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance, nws dua los ua lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab lub tswv yim es tsis txhob ntawm Latin ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav saib seb hom lus twg yog tam sim no raug cai hauv tebchaws Greece. Peb tshawb nrhiav cov yam ntxwv ntawm Greek niaj hnub thiab nws cov lus. Peb yuav txheeb xyuas cov phau ntawv txhais lus thiab kev qhia ntawv twg zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi. Thiab thaum kawg, peb yuav khaws ob peb lo lus thiab kab lus uas yuav pab koj sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg Greek hauv lawv hom lus.
Cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Greece
Ua ntej hais lus ntawm ib lub teb chaws, nws tsim nyog hais txog cov neeg uas hais nws. Hauv tebchaws Greece, 96% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem yog Greeks. Lawv tau hu ua Hellenes.
Cov neeg no thaum ub heev, txog li ob txhiab xyoo BC lawv nyob hauv thaj av ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws niaj hnub no. Proto-Greek pab pawg neegassimilated lub zos inhabitants ntawm Pelasgians. Keeb kwm ntawm Great Greek civilization pib.
Lub hnub qub ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Hellenes thaum ub tau pib nyob rau xyoo pua tsib BC. Cov Greeks tau muab lub ntiaj teb muaj nyiaj txiag loj heev rau noob neej. Xws li ib tug incredibly logic thiab concise, lus zoo nkauj. Myths, paj huam, paj huam, philosophical treatises tau sau rau nws. Cov lus dab tsi yog hais hauv tebchaws Greece? Peb yuav tshawb nrhiav hauv qab no.
Keeb kwm ntawm Greek lus
Cov pab pawg neeg uas nyob hauv cheeb tsam Aegean hais lus Hellenic. Lub npe "Greek" los ntawm qhov twg? Thiab nws tau tshwm sim rau sawv cev ntawm pawg neeg Hellenic uas muaj hwj chim heev, uas tau hu ua "Greek, Gresi." Lawv tus kheej yeej tsis tau hu lawv tus kheej li ntawd, thiab nws yog Hellas, tsis yog tim Nkij teb chaws.
Cov lus Greek thaum ub muaj keeb kwm Indo-European. Txawm li cas los xij, lub assimilation ntawm cov lus tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Txawm hais tias lub hauv paus Indo-European, cov cim ntawm Semitic, Persian thiab Sanskrit tuaj yeem pom hauv Greek.
Thawj theem ntawm kev txhim kho cov lus yog qhov thaum ub Hellenes sim tau txais kev sau ntawv. Ua li no, lawv siv Minoan tsab ntawv (Linear B).
Keeb kwm ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Greek
tsab ntawv Minoan tau dhau los ua qhov tsis yooj yim heev. Kev sau ntawv tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho tag nrho. Nws yog cov tub lag luam Phoenician uas xub pib siv cov tsiaj ntawv los sau hauv tebchaws Greece.
Thawj cov tsiaj ntawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 9th BC thiab muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no mus txog rau 8. Qhov ntawd yog cov tsiaj ntawv Hellenic.tsim los ntawm Phoenician lus thiab tsab ntawv.
Nws yog qhov zoo kawg uas hauv Greek peb pom cov suab thiab cov lus ib zaug. Lub Hellenes tau hloov lub suab ntawm Phoenician cov ntawv thiab hloov lub suab rau lawv cov lus. Hais txog cov lus Greek thaum ub, muaj ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv uas qhia tias nws zoo li yav dhau los. Qee tus nyeem tsab ntawv "b" ua Lavxias "b" - betta, thiab lwm tus yog "v" - vitta.
Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek niaj hnub no muaj 24 tsab ntawv. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias nws yog los ntawm nws tias ob tus tsiaj ntawv Latin thiab Cyrillic tau tsim. Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek tau dhau los ua qauv, lub hauv paus rau ntau yam lus.
State lus ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws
Ancient Greek zoo ib yam li niaj hnub no, tab sis qhov zoo sib xws no tuaj yeem yooj yim piv nrog Lavxias thiab Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic, piv txwv. Yog lawm, cov Greeks to taub lawv cov lus thaum ub. Tab sis rau lawv nws twb dhau lawm.
Lub xeev Greek lus tam sim no yog dab tsi? Lawm, qhov no tsis yog ancient Greek. Cov lus no yog Greek niaj hnub. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv literary, colloquial thiab lub zos dialects. Yuav tsum nkag siab yam lus twg hauv tebchaws Greece?
Ntawm qee cov Islands tuaj, piv txwv li, hauv Crete, muaj ob hom lus: ib qho yog nom, uas tau muab faib thoob tebchaws Greece, thiab lwm yam yog hom lus hauv zos.
Yog li, hom lus twg yog lus Greek yog qhov tseeb - qhov no yog Greek Niaj Hnub Nyoog (Dimotic).
Ntawm Greek niaj hnub
Nyob rau xyoo 18th thiab 19th, kev hloov pauv hauv xov tooj tau pib. tshwm simlus Greek niaj hnub. Cov kev hloov pauv feem ntau cuam tshuam rau kev hais lus ntawm cov vowels. Lub longitude thiab brevity ntawm lub suab tau poob lawv lub ntsiab lus qub. Ntau lub suab kuj raug txo qis - mob thiab tsis meej.
Cov rooj plaub kuj tau yooj yim - rooj plaub raug tshem tawm. Lub dual yog ploj lawm. ploj mus yog qhov infinitive. Cov lus Balkan muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov lus Greek niaj hnub no.
Archaisms los ntawm Greek thaum ub tseem muaj nrog cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm Slavic, Turkic thiab Romanesque. Qhov no kuj muaj pov thawj los ntawm ntau yam lus tshwj xeeb hauv zos, uas yuav tau tham hauv qab no.
Cov lus Greek dab tsi ua lus Greek?
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm ceg ntoo los ntawm cov lus tseem ceeb yog qhov ntau heev. Nws kuj yog nyob rau hauv ancient Greek. Qhov chaw thaj chaw ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, raws li lub xeev cov kob, koom ua ke hauv nroog-polises ntawm cov kob thiab cov teb chaws, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Thoob plaws hauv kev txhim kho, cov lus no tau hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau los ntawm ob peb lub ntsiab, los ntawm qhov, qee txoj kev, cov niaj hnub no kuj tshwm sim:
- Ionian lus (sau los ntawm Herodotus).
- Ab.
- Dorian.
- Aeolian.
hom lus twg hauv tebchaws Greece peb pom yog Greek niaj hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj muaj hom: cov lus sau thiab cov lus hauv cheeb tsam.
Cov lus sau tau muab faib ua kafarevusa (kev txuas ntxiv ntawm cov lus Askiv Attic) thiab dimotica (raws li cov lus ntawm Central Greece lossis vernacular).
Cov Lus Nug ntawm Niaj Hnub Nyoog Greece:
- lus Ponti(Pontic). Qhov no yog ib qho kev hloov kho Greek, uas txawv ntawm thaj av loj nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm Turkic qiv, nrog rau kev hais lus ntawm qee lub suab.
- Tsakonsky (Novolakonsky). Kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm Spartan lus, uas yav tas los hu ua Laconian.
Nws paub meej tias muaj ntau hom lus, tab sis tseem yog hom lus twg hauv tebchaws Greece, uas yog, ib qho uas txhua tus neeg Greek nkag siab. Hellenic qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog dimotic (cov lus ntawm cov neeg, los ntawm txoj kev), tab sis enriched nrog ib tug sau ntawv.
Greece Cov txiaj ntsig rau neeg ncig tebchaws
Nws pom tseeb tias cov qhua txawv tebchaws yuav tsum ua li cas, lawv yuav tsum hais lus li cas nrog cov neeg hauv zos?
Lawv puas yuav nkag siab koj yog tias koj paub Greek thaum ub? Qhov no yog ib lo lus nug loj, tab sis feem ntau yuav cov lus teb yog yog. Lawv yuav nkag siab, tab sis phem heev. Tom qab tag nrho, cov lus hais ntawm cov lus Greek thaum ub tuag twb tsis paub. Yog, thiab niaj hnub Greek yog qhov txawv ntawm nws.
Tom qab ntawd, dab tsi yuav pab tau tus neeg ncig tebchaws hauv kev paub txog kev paub txog Greek niaj hnub? Tau kawg, phau ntawv txhais lus thiab phau ntawv qhia kev kawm, kab lus.
Yog li, phau ntawv "Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Hais Lus Greek" los ntawm Olga Nikolaenkova yuav yog ib qho cuab yeej zoo rau kev kawm Greek niaj hnub. Ntawm no nws tsom ntsoov rau cov lus hais thiab piav qhia cov xwm txheej yooj yim txhua hnub.
Dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias-Greek phau ntawv txhais lus siv? Yog tias koj siv sijhawm ntau hauv computer, hauv Is Taws Nem, ces nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov phau ntawv txhais lus hauv online.
Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj yog tus kiv cua ib txwm thiab txhua qhov chaw kom muaj phau ntawv txhais lus hardcover ntawm tes, ces nws zoo dua rau themmloog rau phau ntawv txhais lus:
- I. P. Khorikov thiab M. G. Malev "New Greek-Russian Dictionary".
- A. Salnova "Greek-Lavxias teb sab thiab Lavxias-Greek phau ntawv txhais lus"
- A. Vostrikova, V. Telizhenko "Lavxias teb sab-Greek Phrasebook ntawm Orthodox Pilgrim".
Cov kev qhia no muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau cov neeg uas xav nkag siab cov lus hauv tebchaws Greece.
Ib txheej ntawm cov lus yooj yim thiab kab lus rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws
Cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm txhua lub tebchaws zoo siab hnov lawv cov lus hais los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi yuav tsum kawm tsawg kawg yog ob peb nqe lus. Ntseeg kuv, txhua tus neeg Greek yuav txaus siab, qhov no yuav qhia koj qhov kev hwm.
Ntawm no yog qee lo lus thiab kab lus kom kawm:
- Lo lus txais tos thiab farewell - YASAS (rau koj), YASU (rau koj).
- Zoo yog KALI.
- Morning - MAYOR.
- Hmo ntuj - SPERA.
- Zoo - KALA.
- Ua tsaug - EFRASTO.
- Thov - ORISTE.
- Thov txim - SIGNOMI.
- No - OOH.
- Yes - NO.
- POSO KANI npaum li cas?
- Mr - KIRIOS.
- Ntxhais hluas - KIRIA.
- Request - PARAKALO.
- Koj nyob li cas - TI CANIS.
- Koj lub npe yog dab tsi - ME LENE.
- Kuv lub npe yog TO NOM MU INE.
- Kuv ploj - HATYKA.
- Pab kuv - VOITISTE ME.
- Koj nyob qhov twg - APO PU ISE.
- Kuv los ntawm Russia - IME APO TIN RUSSIA.
- Qhov no yog dab tsi? - KOJ PUAS PAUB?
- Thaum twg? - POV.
- Kuv tshaib plab - PINAO.
- Inqhis dej - DIPSAO.
- Bon appetit - KALI OREXI.
Dab tsi yog lus Greek - peb xam pom nws. Koj tuaj yeem kawm txog nws hauv phau ntawv nyeem thiab phau ntawv txhais lus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los mus rau lub tebchaws zoo kawg no koj tus kheej thiab sim tham nrog cov Greeks. Nug lawv seb hom lus Greek niaj hnub no muaj, yam twg yog hom lus. Thiab kawm txog cov lus Greek thaum ub. Qhov tseeb, cov neeg no txaus siab rau lawv cov lus thiab kab lis kev cai.
Cov lus nug tseem ceeb ntawm tsab xov xwm - lub xeev cov lus hauv tebchaws Greece yog dab tsi - tau raug daws lawm. Qhov no yog niaj hnub Greek (enriched dimotic), uas txawv sharply ntawm Ancient Greek.
