Potassium (K) yog qhov thib tsib ntawm cov hlau uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov xwm txheej. Nws yog nyob rau hauv pawg 1 ntawm Lub Sijhawm Table ntawm Tshuaj Chemical Elements (PSCE), yog li nws belongs rau alkali hlau thiab, thaum tov nrog dej, cov ntaub ntawv soluble hydroxides. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, lub caij muaj ib tug silvery-dawb xim, tej zaum nrog ib tug violet tint. Raws li nws cov yam ntxwv, nws yog mos thiab qis-melting. Potassium tuaj yeem tau los ntawm nws cov hydride, hydroxide, chloride, chromate lossis dichromate.
yam ntxwv dav dav
Thaum cov poov tshuaj hloov mus ua lub vapor xiav-ntsuab, nws decomposes rau hauv K atoms, uas me me ntawm K2 molecules sib xyaw. Koj tuaj yeem yaj cov hlau hauv cov kua ammonia kom tau txais cov txheej txheem xiav tsaus los yog hauv cov yaj ntawm caustic potash.
Potassium yog reactive heev, muaj zog txo cov khoom (nws lub plhaub sab nrauv electron yog nyob deb ntawm lub nucleus, thiab nyob rau hauv lub rooj ntawm electronegativity nws occupies thib ob txoj hauj lwm tom qab cesium), reacts tsis tsuas nrog.dilute acids, non-metals, hydrogen nitrite thiab dihydrosulfide, tab sis kuj nrog atmospheric oxygen thiab dej. Nyob rau hauv qhov kawg, cov liberated hydrogen ignites sai.
Nrog mercury, lub caij hloov mus ua ib qho hlau - ib qho amalgam. Nrog sodium, thallium, tin, txhuas thiab bismuth, poov tshuaj tsim cov tshuaj sib xyaw nrog cov tawv tawv thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Ib qho tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm ntau cov hlau melts ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj txhua qhov ntawm nws cov khoom, tab sis muaj tsawg dua plasticity dua lawv.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov khoom siv uas lub ntsiab lus tsis hnov mob, piv txwv li, cov no suav nrog nitrogen. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov poov tshuaj los ntawm lwm cov hlau alkali, feem ntau lithium thiab sodium. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis alloy nrog lithium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, aluminium thiab gallium.
Potassium tau khaws cia zoo nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm roj av thiab roj av. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws los ntawm kev pleev xim cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab.
Daim ntawv thov
Potassium plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yog li, ua ke nrog nitrogen thiab phosphorus, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb chiv rau cultivated nroj tsuag, uas tso cai rau kom nce lawv tawm los, vegetative loj thiab kuj mus rau kab tsuag.
Ib alloy ntawm hlau nrog sodium yog siv los hloov thermal zog hauv kaw tshuab, thiab yog tias koj ntxiv cov cesium rau qhov sib xyaw no, koj tau txais ib qho kev sib xyaw nrog cov ntaub ntawv qis melting point (rho tawm78 degrees Celsius).
Yuav kom siv tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb, koj yuav tsum paub txog cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tau txais cov poov tshuaj los ntawm nws cov tebchaw.
Tau hlau
Ib qho dawb inorganic compound, poov tshuaj hydride, yog tsim los ntawm molten hlau, tab sis nws yog tsis ruaj tsis khov thiab kub ntawm 400 degrees Celsius nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum decomposes rau hauv cov khoom raws li nram no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
2KN=2K + N2.
Potassium hydroxide yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj chloride sib xws. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov kua xab npum thiab rau zus tau tej cov poov tshuaj thiab nws cov tebchaw. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum nqa tawm electrolysis, uas yog, kom dhau ib tug tam sim no los ntawm kev daws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, oxygen yog tsim ntawm anode, thiab potassium ntawm cathode:
4KON=4K + O2 + 2H2O.
Los ntawm chloride nws tuaj yeem tau txais tsis yog hydroxide xwb, tab sis kuj yog hlau ntshiab. Qhov no tseem yuav xav tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrolysis:
2KCl=2K + Cl2.
Tsis zoo li yav dhau los txoj kev tau txais cov poov tshuaj, qhov no tuaj yeem siv cov khoom pib tsis yog hauv cov kua hauv lub xeev xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov yaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ob qho tib si tshwm sim:
- 2KCl + 2H2O=H2 + Cl2 + 2KO;
- 2KCl=2K + Cl2.
Cov cathode uas cov poov tshuaj yuav tsim yuav tsum yog mercury.
Tau txais cov khoom pib
Qee zaus siv cov poov tshuaj chromate lossis dichromate. Koj tsis tuaj yeem tau txais hlau ncaj qha los ntawm lawv, tab sis koj tuaj yeem ua tauHloov lawv mus rau hydroxides lossis chlorides, uas tom qab ntawd raug rau electrolysis raws li cov lus qhia saum toj no. Tau txais poov tshuaj hydroxide los ntawm chromate yog raws li nram no:
2K2CrO4 + 2H2O + 3H 2S=2Cr(OH)3 + 3S + 4CON.
Rau cov txheej txheem kom ua tiav, leej faj thiab chromium hydroxide precipitated, koj yuav tsum tau haus dej kub. Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo sib xws kuj tuaj yeem ua tiav siv dichromate. Nws ua tau zoo sib xws, qhov sib txawv tsuas yog pom nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm stoichiometric coefficients:
K2Cr2O7 + H2 O + 3H2S=2Cr(OH)3 + 3S + 2CON.
Thaum dichromate rhuab mus rau 500 degrees Celsius, hydroxide tuaj yeem tau txais lwm txoj hauv kev:
K2Cr2O7 + 3N2 =Cr2O3 + 2KON + 2H2O.
Muaj lwm txoj hauv kev kom tau hydroxide. Piv txwv li, siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm potash thiab saturated tov ntawm slaked txiv qaub.
Kom tau txais poov tshuaj chloride los ntawm chromate, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua raws li hauv qab no:
2K2CrO4 + 2HCl=K2Cr 2O7 + 2KCl + H2O.
Hydrochloric acid yog noj diluted. Kev tsim cov poov tshuaj chloride yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm dichromate thiab dej.
Tig dichromate rau chloride yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis, nws yuav tsum muaj ethyl cawv thiab boiling:
K2Cr2O7 + 8HCl +2C2H5OH=2CrCl3 + 3CH3 С(Н)O + 7Н2O + 2KCl.
Tau txais cov tshuaj potassium chloride kuj tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm potash thaum cuam tshuam nrog dilute hydrochloric acid thiab los ntawm sulfate thaum reacting nrog barium halide.
Hydroxide thiab chloride tau yooj yim hloov mus rau ib leeg los ntawm electrolysis lossis los ntawm kev ntxiv cov halide tsim nyog.
Derivation
Tau txais cov ntsev ntsev tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua li kev tsim cov hlau ntshiab. Txawm hais tias tus nqi siab, lawv tau siv hauv electroplating, vim lawv muab kev ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm electrolytes ntawm qhov ceev tam sim no. Qhov no ua tiav los ntawm kev solubility siab.
Potassium nitrate NWS
Kev tsim cov poov tshuaj nitrate (KNO 3) yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Cov ntsev dawb no, hu ua Indian s altpeter, yog xyaum tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov kab mob nyob. Nws yog siv ob qho tib si rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb raws li cov chiv, thiab hauv cov tub rog ua ib feem ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab cov khoom tawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev npaj cov poov tshuaj nitrate yog tsim nyog rau discoloration thiab txhim kho cov yam ntxwv lub zog ntawm cov iav siv lead ua, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev hluav taws xob kev lag luam thiab optical glassmaking. Hauv metallurgy, nws cov khoom oxidizing muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam ore. Thiab hauv kev lag luam zaub mov, ntsev ua raws li kev khaws cia.
Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov tshuaj potassium nitrate, koj tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
- tshaj-hlau peroxide thaum nitric oxide (IV) ntxiv rau nws thiab ua kom sov rau 70 degrees Celsius;
- hydroxide thiabdilute nitric acid;
- txias hydroxide thiab sib tov ntawm nitrogen oxides (II) thiab (IV);
- kub hydroxide, nitric oxide (IV) thiab oxygen;
- kub dilute poov tshuaj nitrite thiab oxygen (kev tshwm sim yuav siv sij hawm);
- potassium nitrite thiab kub hydrogen peroxide hauv dilute sulfuric acid ua catalyst (acid hloov tau los ntawm bromine, tab sis nws yuav hnov mob tsim hydrogen bromide).
Cov txiaj ntsig tau yaj yam tsis muaj decomposition, ruaj khov hauv huab cua, yaj hauv dej tsis muaj hydrolysis, muaj zog oxidizing zog, tsuas yog txo los ntawm atomic hydrogen.
YPotassium sulfate
Ntshav, paub txij xyoo pua 14th, hu ua potassium sulfate (K 2SO4) tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 17th. Nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov dej ntawm lub pas dej ntsev thiab deposits ntawm non-metallic mineral kev pab cuam, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm tau txais poov tshuaj sulfate nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
- poov tshuaj thiab sulfur superoxide ntawm 130-140 degrees Celsius (tsis yog sulfur, koj tuaj yeem siv nws cov oxide (IV), ces qhov kub ntawm 100 degrees yuav txaus);
- poov tshuaj hydroxide thiab dilute sulfuric acid;
- poov tshuaj hydrogen sulfate (decomposition ntawm 240 degrees);
- potassium hydrogen sulfate thiab concentrated caustic potash lossis chloride ntawm tib cov hlau;
- potassium chloride thiab concentrated sulfuric acid thaum boiled;
- poov tshuaj sulfide thiab oxygen siab dua 500 degrees;
- decomposition ntawm potassium disulphate ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 440 degrees thiab sivsulfur oxide (IV) thiab oxygen ua catalysts.
Lwm lub npe rau cov khoom tshwm sim yog arcanite. Nws yog xim dawb, tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis yooj yim soluble hauv dej tsis muaj crystalline hydrates. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev koom tes hauv kev sib pauv hloov pauv, txo los ntawm hydrogen thiab carbon.
Hauv kev xyaum, nws tau nquag siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb ua cov chiv tsis muaj tshuaj chlorine rau cov av tsis zoo. Arcanite yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau cov qoob loo rhiab rau cov tshuaj chlorine los yog siv cov sulfur ntau. Cov qoob loo cog nrog nws siv muaj ntau cov suab thaj thiab cov vitamins ntau dua li ib qho uas tsis tau fertilized. Tsis tas li ntawd, chiv yog siv rau paj cog ob qho tib si sab nraum zoov thiab hauv tsev cog khoom.
Lwm kev siv arcanite yog ib feem ntawm kev tsim cov iav, alum, metallurgical fluxes. Nws kuj ua raws li cov khoom noj ntxiv, tab sis cov khoom nws tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem hu ua kev nyab xeeb: nws ua rau lub qhov muag, tawv nqaij, plab hnyuv, ua pa thiab ua rau muaj tshuaj lom nrog kev sib cuag ntev nrog ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev thiab lub cev.
YPotassium carbonate
Potash lossis potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3) tau paub nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm thiab khaws nws cov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 20th. Potassium carbonate tau txais los ntawm leaching los ntawm zaub tshauv thiab tom qab purification ntawm cov khoom. Yeej, kev tsim khoom tau nyob hauv thaj chaw ntoo ntawm Tebchaws Europe, Russia thiab North America.
Tam sim no muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv, hauvua rau carbonate. Cov tshuaj hauv qab no feem ntau siv:
- potassium superoxide thiab graphite nrog cua sov me ntsis txog 30 degrees (carbon monoxide tuaj yeem siv los hloov graphite nrog cua sov txog 50 degrees);
- concentrated potassium hydroxide thiab carbon dioxide;
- decomposition ntawm potassium bicarbonate ntawm qhov kub ntawm 100 txog 400 degrees;
- bicarbonate thiab concentrated potassium hydroxide;
- potassium sulfate, calcium hydroxide thiab carbon monoxide ntawm qhov kub ntawm 200 degrees thiab nyob rau hauv siab, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom tsim K (HCOO) nrog oxygen ntawm 700 degrees.
Cov tshuaj dawb uas ua rau yaj tsis muaj decomposition, muaj zog hydrolyzes anion hauv dej, tsim kom muaj alkaline ib puag ncig, reacts nrog acids, non-metals thiab lawv oxides, thiab kuj nkag mus rau hauv kev sib pauv tshuaj.
Cov tshuaj muaj tshuaj lom neeg tsawg thiab yog siv rau kev tsim cov kua xab npum, pigments, iav, potassium compounds. Nws yog siv rau hauv dyeing, cog qoob loo, tsim cov duab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov nrov pob zeb ua kom khov qhov txo qis, hydrogen sulfide scavenger, dehydrating agent, zaub mov additive.
Potassium permanganate Nyob
Liab-violet, yuav luag dub poov tshuaj permanganate paub rau txhua tus, raws li nws tuaj yeem pom hauv yuav luag txhua lub tsev. Txawm hais tias tsis ntev los no tau muaj kev txwv me ntsis ntawm kev yuav khoom vim qhov tseeb tias nws tau lees paub tias yog tus neeg ua ntej. Tau txais poov tshuaj permanganate (KMnO4) tuaj yeem ua tau ntau txoj hauv kev, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm sulfate.manganese (II) nrog dej thiab oxygen los ntawm poov tshuaj dithionate. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, nrog rau cov nyiaj nitrate ua cov khoom siv, qhov sib xyaw no yuav tsim cov poov tshuaj permanganate thiab potassium sulfate, nrog rau sulfuric acid.
Txawm tias ntau txoj hauv kev koom nrog kev siv cov poov tshuaj manganate, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov tshuaj hauv qab no rau nws:
- dej (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv sijhawm);
- diluted hydrochloric acid;
- carbon dioxide;
- chlorine.
Tsis tas li, manganate tuaj yeem ua electrolyzed los tsim permanganate ntawm anode (yuav muaj hydrogen ntawm cathode).
Kev siv cov khoom tshwm sim yog dav. Vim nws muaj peev xwm oxidizing, nws muab cov nyhuv antiseptic. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nws yog siv rau gargling nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm inflammatory kab mob ntawm nws mucous daim nyias nyias, ntxuav qhov txhab, kho qhov txhab kub hnyiab thiab kis kab mob, kho ulcers, thiab kuj raws li ib tug emetic nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm alkaloid lom.
Contraindication yog hypersensitivity, tab sis overdose yuav ua rau tuag taus txawm nyob rau hauv ib tug noj qab nyob zoo koob tshuaj rau tus neeg nruab nrab tsuas yog 20-30g.
Y Thaum siv cov tshuaj permanganate, yuav tsum tau ceev faj, yog li cov khoom ignites thaum tov nrog cov organic thiab flammable compounds, active hlau thiab non-metals. Cov cua sov ntxiv tuaj yeem ua rau tawg.
YPotassium hydroxide
Ntxiv rau cov ntsev, potassium hydroxide tseem ceeb heev. Cov tshuaj no belongs rau alkalis, cesmuaj cov tshuaj uas nws cov kev daws teeb meem thiab melts tuaj yeem ua hluav taws xob tam sim no.
Lub npe tsis tseem ceeb rau qhov sib xyaw no yog caustic potash. Nws zoo li cov tshuaj dawb hygroscopic. Nws cov khoom muaj xws li melting thiab boiling tsis decomposition, zoo solubility nyob rau hauv dej nrog tsim ib tug muaj zog alkaline nruab nrab, neutralization nrog acids, reactivity rau hlau thiab non-metals, lawv oxides thiab hydroxides. Potassium hydroxide nquag nqus dej thiab carbon dioxide los ntawm huab cua.
Raws li cov poov tshuaj tuaj yeem tau los ntawm alkali, yog li hydroxide tuaj yeem tau los ntawm hlau. Ua li no, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ntxiv dej rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab lossis ua ke nrog oxygen. Tsis tas li ntawd, alkali tuaj yeem tau los ntawm carbonate thiab saturated calcium hydroxide lossis los ntawm electrolysis ntawm chloride. Cov txheej txheem tom kawg yog nquag siv hauv kev tsim khoom.
Cov tshuaj no txaus ntshai, tuaj yeem hlawv daim tawv nqaij lossis cov mucous daim nyias nyias, rhuav tshem tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov organic keeb kwm. Koj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog nws nkaus xwb los ntawm kev tiv thaiv daim tawv nqaij nrog hnab looj tes, thiab lub qhov muag nrog tsom iav.
Txawm tias muaj kev phom sij, alkali yog siv dav hauv kev yees duab, roj refining, zaub mov, ntawv thiab metallurgy, nrog rau cov roj teeb alkaline, acid neutralizer, catalyst, roj nqus tsev vacuum, pH regulator, electrolyte, detergent tivthaiv, drilling daws., dyes, chiv, potassium organic thiab inorganic tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj npaj rau kev kho mob ntawm warts, soaps, hluavtaws roj hmab.
Yog li, kev tsim cov poov tshuaj thiab cov khoom sib txuas raws li nws, feem ntau cov ntsev thiab hydroxide, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam thiab kev siv dav hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nco ntsoov kev ceev faj txog kev nyab xeeb thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov hlau alkali no thiab ua tib zoo siv cov ntaub ntawv uas nws siv. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, nws yuav ua tau kom zam tau cov khoom uas txaus ntshai.
