European culture X-XIV centuries. tseem amazes soj ntsuam nrog nws achievements nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kos duab. Gothic thiab Romanesque styles muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev tsis yog rau kev tsim vaj tsev medieval xwb. Lawv cov yam ntxwv tuaj yeem taug qab hauv kev pleev xim, ntawv nyeem, duab puab, suab paj nruag thiab txawm tias lub caij nyoog nyob deb.
Romanesque style, uas tau los ua thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub sijhawm feudal, muaj los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm X mus rau XII xyoo pua. Nws tau tsim los ntawm lub sijhawm nyuaj, thaum Tebchaws Europe tau tawg mus rau hauv cov xeev feudal me me uas muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog ib leeg. Yuav luag txhua hom kev kos duab, qee qhov ntau dua, qee qhov tsawg dua, tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Romanesque style, uas tau dhau los ua ib theem ntuj nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm European medieval.
Nruam Antiquity thiab Modernity
Txij thaum 476 Odoacer, tus thawj coj ntawm ib pab pawg neeg German, tau rhuav tshem cov neeg Loos kawg. Emperor Romulus Augustulus, cov neeg sau keeb kwm ib txwm pib lub countdown ntawm lub sijhawm tom ntej - Lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nws feem ntau lees paub tias lub sijhawm no tau xaus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thaum cov neeg European pib tshawb pom thiab nquag tshawb nrhiav cov teb chaws tshiab rau lawv.
Lub npe "Ntev Hnub Nyoog" tau tsim los ntawm Italian humanists nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th. Lawv ntseeg hais tias lub sijhawm tab tom los rau kev txhawb siab ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub, kev paub, kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov txiaj ntsig uas tau hnov qab ntau txhiab xyoo. Tib neeg tau paub tseeb tias tsis muaj dab tsi tsim nyog tau tshwm sim txij li lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Rome, tias nws yog lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj ntawm kev poob qis thiab kev ua phem. Yog li ntawd, nrog ib tug ncaj ncees npaum li cas ntawm condescension, lawv hu ua yav dhau los millennium lub Nrab Hnub nyoog - qhov sib txawv ntawm Antiquity thiab cov tshiab Age.
Ib feem ntawm tib neeg yog txoj cai: lub nroog ib zaug vam meej thiab txoj kev zoo tau poob rau hauv kev lwj, kab lis kev cai qub yuav luag tsis nco qab. Kev cai dab qhuas fanatics txhob txwm rhuav tshem nws cov keeb kwm. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kab lis kev cai. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas niaj hnub European cov lus tau tsim, cov tsev kawm qib siab tau qhib, cov haujlwm tau sau tias tseem ua rau peb zoo siab, ntau lub nroog tau tsim, cov tsev teev ntuj majestic tau tsim, ib qho tshiab hauv kev kos duab tau yug los - Romanesque.
Kev ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig kuj nce ntxiv: kev mus ncig ua si thoob plaws. Ntawm txoj kev ntawm Tebchaws Europe, ntau txhiab tus neeg mus rau monasteries los pe hawm relics thiab relics.
Nyob hauv lub npe
Ib qho kev taw qhia tshiab hauv kab lis kev caiNws tsis yog coincidence tias nws tau txais lub npe ntawm Romanesque style, txij li thaum nws yog raws li cov tswv yim tsim nyob rau hauv ancient Rome. Tau kawg, nws tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov kab lis kev cai pagan; ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tus qauv tshiab tau tsim tiav raws li cov lus qhuab qhia Christian. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau hauv nws tau nco txog Antiquity: cov tsev monumental tau tsim, tib cov qauv zoo nkauj tau pom tias cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm Rome tau ua raws li. Piv txwv li, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus me me, kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntau dhau, qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov tsev yog nyob rau hauv lub zog masonry. Romanesque style tau dhau los ua yias-European nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, nws cov canons tau ua raws txhua lub xeev ntawm sab av loj, suav nrog Ancient Russia.
Highlights
Txoj kev taw qhia tshiab hauv kev kos duab tsis lees paub cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj thiab kho kom zoo nkauj txhais tau tias muaj nyob rau hauv ancient architecture thiab nws cov ntaub ntawv sib piv. Qhov me me uas tseem ciaj sia tau coarsened thiab hloov.
Art historians hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Romanesque style:
- nws pib kev xav, kev xav;
- kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau yam txuj ci, ntawm cov architecture nyob hauv qhov chaw ua;
- theocentrism (Vajtswv nyob nruab nrab ntawm txhua yam);
- kev cai dab qhuas xwm txheej;
- kev tsis ncaj ncees (tseem ntseeg tias txhais tes ntawm tus tswv yog tus coj los ntawm Vajtswv, yog li cov npe ntawm cov neeg tsim nruab nrab yuav luag tsis paub rau peb).
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib hlub yog:
- tsev loj loj ua pob zeb tag nrho;
- semicircular vaulted arch;
- mas thiabphab ntsa tuab;
- xov xwm;
- phab ntsa paintings;
- planar, cov duab uas tsis yog-volumetric;
- sculpture thiab painting tau subordinated rau architecture thiab siv nyob rau hauv cov tuam tsev thiab monasteries.
Major Romanesque architecture:
- Feudal tsev fuabtais. Feem ntau nws tau nyob ntawm ib lub toj, yooj yim rau kev soj ntsuam thiab kev tiv thaiv. Lub quadrangular lossis round pej thuam - donjon, yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub fortress.
- Tsev. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev lig kev cai ntawm lub basilica. Nws yog chav longitudinal nrog peb (tsis tshua muaj tsib) naves.
- A monastery complex nrog lub qhov rais nqaim thiab tuab phab ntsa.
Thiab lub nroog medieval lawv tus kheej, nrog rau lub khw square nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim, zoo li ntau fortresses surrounded los ntawm cov phab ntsa loj.
Romanesque architecture nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog
XI-XIII centuries - Lub sijhawm no yog lub sijhawm ci ntsa iab paj ntawm European kos duab. Knightly castles thiab Royal palaces, txuas hniav thiab cov tsev hauv nroog tau tsim tsa. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm architecture ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, nrog rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm pej xeem lub neej ntawm lub sijhawm no, tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws, lub xeev ciam teb thiab cov thawj coj hloov, tsuas yog lub hwj chim Christian pawg ntseeg tseem unshakable. Txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau nws lub zog, nws tau siv txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog kev tsim kho cov tuam tsev majestic ntawm lub hauv paus squares ntawm lub nroog. Nws yog qee zaum tsuas yog lub tsev pob zeb siab uas pom ntawm qhov deb.
Raws li tau hais lawm, dominated inNyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub 11th-12th centuries (thiab nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws txawm nyob rau hauv lub 13th), lub architectural style yog hu ua Romanesque los ntawm Latin lo lus Roma (Rome), txij li thaum cov masters ntawm lub sij hawm siv ib co ancient Roman siv cov tswv yim. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, lub basilica ciaj sia, tsis zoo li Byzantium, qhov twg nws thiaj li muab txoj kev mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntoo khaub lig. Muaj tseeb, nws cov ntaub ntawv tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj thiab txhim kho. Yog li ntawd, qhov loj ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau nce, thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov pem teb muaj ib tug crypt - ib chav zais cia. Cov relics dawb huv tau muab khaws cia ntawm no thiab cov thawj coj hauv pawg ntseeg raug faus.
Txhua lub tsev Romanesque, txawm tias basilicas lossis castles, muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws:
- monumentality;
- daim ntawv me me;
- Qhov xwm txheej hnyav ntawm kev tsim kho;
- qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab ncaj (tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog semicircular arches).
Txoj kev sib tshuam ntawm txoj kev tsis khoom
Muaj tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv XI-XII centuries lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj architecture. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, lub pontificate tau concentrated zoo kawg li kev nplua nuj nyob rau hauv nws txhais tes, ib feem ntawm uas mus rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab monasteries. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg taug kev tuaj yeem nce txawv txawv, yog li cov qub Romanesque basilicas, nyob rau ntawm txoj kev uas muaj neeg coob coob, tsis tuaj yeem haum rau tag nrho cov neeg taug kev. Vim li no, kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev pib muaj kev vam meej. Tom qab txog xyoo 1000, ntau lub basilicas tau rov tsim dua nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Ltalis thiab Fabkis. Cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau sib tw nrog ib leeg, sim ua kom zoo tshaj qhov kho kom zoo nkauj thiab loj ntawm lawv lub tuam tsev.
Txawm li cas los xij, thawj pawg ntseeg Romanesque tsis zoo nkauj, lawv kuj qis thiab loj. Cov qhov rais me me, cov phab ntsa tuab, vim lub tuam tsev feem ntau suav tias yog qhov chaw nkaum, sab ntsuj plig thiab lub cev (thaum lub sij hawm sieges). Cov phab ntsa masonry ncav cuag 3, thiab qee zaum mus txog 5 meters hauv tuab.
Kho kom zoo nkauj tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj facade, kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab nrauv yog me me, nrog rau ob peb lub ntsiab lus sculptural. Tag nrho cov xim tau tsom mus rau sab hauv décor. Sab hauv tau dai kom zoo nkauj ntau nrog frescoes (paintings ntawm ntub plaster), reliefs thiab sculptures tau txais los ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub. Qhov kev lig kev cai no nquag tsim nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Romanesque style.
basilicas yog dab tsi?
Cov no yog peb-lossis tsib-nave lub vaj tsev. Thaum xub thawj, lub hauv paus nave muaj lub qab nthab ntoo, tab sis dhau sij hawm lawv kawm los npog nws nrog pob zeb vaults. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog cov phab ntsa uas muaj zog heev thiab cov ncej uas sib cais cov naves tuaj yeem tiv taus lawv lub siab. Qhov nqaim, zoo li lub qhov rais tau muab lub zog ntxiv rau cov phab ntsa. Yog li ntawd, outwardly, Romanesque pawg ntseeg feem ntau zoo li fortresses, thaum tsaus ntuj nyob rau hauv lawv.
Cov yees muaj zog, uas tau nce ob qho tib si ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm transept thiab lub ntsiab nave, thiab ntawm phab ntsa sab hnub tuaj thiab ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm sab hnub poob facade, tsuas yog ntxiv dag zog rau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm basilica rau lub fortress. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no tau ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov, kev khav theeb thiab txawm tias qhov hnyav rau sab nraud ntawm lub tuam tsev. Thaum tsov rog, Romanesque basilicas tau txais kev pabSafe haven, nrog rau fortresses.
Kev nplua nuj ntawm cov arches semicircular yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Romanesque style. Nyob rau hauv cov tuam tsev medieval, lawv tau siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov rooj thiab qhov rais, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm facades thiab interiors.
Sab hnub poob ntawm Romanesque basilica tau dai kom zoo nkauj heev. Qhov no ua haujlwm ob lub hom phiaj: kom nyiam cov ntseeg thiab hem cov uas coj lub neej tsis ncaj ncees. Yog li ntawd, cov phiaj xwm rau lub tsev teev ntuj tympanums (lub niche recessed saum lub nkag, framed los ntawm ib tug arch) raug xaiv raws li.
Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Abbey ntawm Cluny yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm lub tuam tsev Romanesque. Ntxiv mus, cov tswv yim siv rau nws txoj kev tsim kho muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau cov neeg ua haujlwm medieval.
Txoj kev ntawm Romanesque style nyob rau hauv ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture
Vladimir-Suzdal Rus tau nto moo rau nws cov pob zeb dawb. Kev tsim kho ntawm Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj tau mus txog nws lub ncov nyob rau hauv Andrei Bogolyubsky. Tus tub huabtais caw German masters uas txhawb nqa Lavxias teb sab architecture nrog cov tswv yim ntawm Western European Romanesque architecture. Txij thaum ntawd los, Golden Gates nyob rau hauv Vladimir, ib feem ntawm lub nroog phab ntsa, tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm Romanesque style yog lub Koom Txoos Assumption. Nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam nrog nws nyob rau hauv Vladimir, lub Dmitrievsky Cathedral tau tsim tom qab, txawv los ntawm cov nplua nuj ntawm cov pob zeb dawb thiab zoo nkauj frescoes.
Knight's Castles
Romanesque style nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm fortresses. Sijhawm XI-xyoo pua 12th - qhov no yog lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm knightly kab lis kev cai thiab tsim ntawm feudal kev sib raug zoo. Kom txog rau thaum lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, castles tau ua los ntawm ntoo ntawm tej yam ntuj tso toj los yog mounds. Tom qab ntawd, xws li fortresses pib ua raws li Romanesque kab lig kev cai thiab raws li cov cai tshwj xeeb. Lawv muaj cov saib tshwj xeeb, lub ntsiab ntawm cov uas yog lub donjon. Lub tsuas nkag yog los ntawm sab hauv lub tsev fuabtais complex. Cov rooj tog zaum kom haum rau thaj chaw: loj heev, ua haujlwm zoo, dai kom zoo nkauj kom tsawg, hauv ib lo lus, zoo ib yam nrog cov Romanesque style.
Lub fortifications muaj lawv tus kheej lub tsev teev ntuj me me, lub tsev loj cuj thiab ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej tiv thaiv ntev sieges.
Conwy Fortress (Wales, UK) yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm lub tsev fuabtais Romanesque. Nws yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws muaj sia nyob medieval fortresses. Lub tsev fuabtais tau tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Edward Thawj zaug thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Conwy yog ib puag ncig los ntawm 8 lub cylindrical yees, uas lub hnub tsis zoo li, thiab cov phab ntsa tiv thaiv loj heev. Lawv cov masonry tau xyaum tsis raug puas tsuaj rau 800 xyoo, txawm hais tias lub fortress tau rov raug rau sieges. Tus huab tais tau siv nyiaj ntau heev rau nws txoj kev tsim kho - 15 txhiab phaus sterling, uas tam sim no tus nqi yog 193 lab euros. Tsev fuabtais Conwy, uas nws thaj chaw tau muab faib ua ib lub tshav puam sab nrauv thiab sab hauv, tau ua rau saum toj thiab suav tias yog impregnable. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, lawv tau txhim tsa rau ntawm cov pob zeb zoo nkauj.
Zooart
Txog xyoo pua 10th, tsis muaj cov duab ntawm ib tug neeg hauv European painting. Nws abounded nrog cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab geometric ornaments. Tab sis nrog kev yug me nyuam ntawm Romanesque style, ornamental kos duab tau hloov los ntawm cov duab ntawm ib tug neeg: neeg dawb huv thiab biblical cim. Tau kawg, qhov no tseem yog kev tsim tawm raws li txoj cai, tab sis, tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, nws tau cim ib kauj ruam loj rau pem hauv ntej.
Hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Romanesque, frescoes thiab iav qhov rais ua si ib qho loj. Cov phab ntsa, vaults, kab thiab cov peev ntawm lub basilica tau pleev xim nrog ntau xim ci frescoes. Cov tsev teev ntuj zoo li no tau "nyob" los ntawm ntau tus tsiaj txhu zoo heev uas tau muab tso rau hauv pob zeb. Medieval sculptors qiv lawv los ntawm cov pagan yav dhau los ntawm pawg Germanic thiab Celtic.
Hmoov tsis zoo, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov duab kos duab hauv Romanesque style tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Xws li cov piv txwv yog cov frescoes ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Santa Maria de Igasel (Spain) thiab Saint-Savin-sur-Gartamp (Fabkis).
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, peb tab tom tham txog lub voj voog loj ntawm cov duab kos uas nyob hauv tag nrho qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, uas qhia txog ntau yam hauv phau Vajlugkub. Ntawm lub teeb tom qab, cov duab qhia los ntawm lub teeb pom kev pom tseeb tshwm sim.
Secular arts thiab crafts tuaj yeem txiav txim los ntawm embroidered tapestry los ntawm Bayeux. Ntawm cov ntaub pua plag ntev ntev, ntu ntawm kev kov yeej ntawm Askiv los ntawm Norman knights hauv 1066 yog woven.
Ntxiv rau cov frescoes, phau ntawv me me tau siv dav hauv Romanesque era, txawv los ntawm pomp thiab ci ntsa iab. ATmonasteries muaj kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb - scriptoria, qhov chaw sau ntawv tau theej thiab dai kom zoo nkauj. Phau ntawv me me ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd strove rau kev piav qhia. Cov duab, zoo li cov ntawv nyeem, tau muab faib ua cov kab lus - qhov pom kev ntawm zaj dab neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov lus piav qhia uas tsis muaj kev ywj pheej thiab cuam tshuam qhov tseem ceeb ntawm zaj dab neeg. Los yog cov kws kos duab sau cov ntawv sau rau hauv cov duab geometric nruj ntawm daim duab. Cov khoom me me uas qhia txog keeb kwm keeb kwm tau txawv los ntawm ntau yam.
Heroic epic
Romanesque style hauv kev kos duab kuj tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Ob peb yam tshiab tau tshwm sim, txhua qhov sib xws rau txoj kev ua neej, kev xav tau thiab qib kev kawm ntawm ib chav kawm tshwj xeeb. Qhov nthuav dav tshaj plaws, tau kawg, yog cov ntaub ntawv Christian. Ntxiv rau phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, kev ntseeg kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev qhia ntawm Leej Txiv ntawm lub Koom Txoos, uas tau nyeem feem ntau los ntawm cov kws ntseeg, cov ntawv sau txog cov neeg teev dab qhuas thiab cov txiv plig tau nrov.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv pawg ntseeg, cov ntawv teev ntuj kuj tsim. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nws cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws tau nyeem ntxiv txawm nyob hauv peb lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev siv tshuab siab. Lub sij hawm Romanesque yog lub hnub qub ntawm lub heroic epic. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm pej xeem cov nkauj thiab tales txog exploits ntawm ntshai heroes uas tawm tsam zaj, sorcerers, thiab villains. Epic tej hauj lwm tsis yog yuav tsum tau nyeem, tab sis yuav tsum tau ua nrov nrov, feem ntau mus nrog cov suab paj nruas seev (violas los yog harps). Vim li no, feem ntau ntawm lawv tau sau ua nqe lus. Cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd suav nrog:
- "Txwj Laug Edda", ib phau ntawm Old Norse dabneeg, uas mythology thiab Christianity intricately intertwined.
- "Lub Nibelungenlied" qhia txog txoj hmoo ntawm German knight Siegfried.
- Beowulf, ib qho qub Anglo-Saxon epic hais txog tus zaj fighter.
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, tsis yog dab neeg, tab sis tus kheej tiag tiag los ua tus phab ej ntawm epics, thiab cov haujlwm lawv tus kheej pib qhia txog cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim hauv kev muaj tiag. Xws li keeb kwm-epic paj huam suav nrog Spanish "Song of Side" thiab Fabkis "Song of Roland". Cov yav tas qhia txog kev sib tw ntawm Charlemagne nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Basque thiab kev tuag ntawm Count Roland, uas, nrog rau nws detachment, npog lub retreat ntawm cov tub rog huab tais los ntawm lub Pyrenees.
kab zeb
Rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm XI-XII centuries, nws txoj kev faib ua suab paj nruag thiab pawg ntseeg yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, rau tag nrho cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe sab hnub poob, lub cev tau dhau los ua lub tuam tsev pom zoo, thiab cov lus Latin tau los ua ib hom kev hu nkauj liturgical. Cov suab paj nruag Christian, uas cov neeg tsim khoom feem ntau yog Fabkis thiab Italian cov hauj sam, tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev tsim cov hauv paus ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag ntawm Tebchaws Europe.
Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm daim duab no yog kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm Guido ntawm Arezzo. Tus txiv plig Italian no, uas tau qhia cov tub hluas hu nkauj, tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag uas tseem siv niaj hnub no. Ua ntej nws, suab tau kaw nrog neumes, square ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, siv lawv, nws tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov pom ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab. Guido ntawm Arezzo tso lub suab rau4-daim ntawv cov neeg ua haujlwm linear, yog li daws qhov teeb meem.
Lub Romanesque style uas yog cov teb chaws Europe tseem cuam tshuam rau kev ua yeeb yam. Bassdance - ib tug medieval seev cev, ua rau hu nkauj ntawm dancers los yog nrog rau cov suab paj nruas seev. Nws zoo li ib tug solemn procession tshaj ib tug seev cev. Bassdance, xav txog thiab majestic, zoo li lub tsev fuabtais thiab cov tuam tsev, yog qhov kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm Romanesque hauv European kos duab.
Cov piv txwv zoo dua ntawm Romanesque architectural style sawv cev rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm architecture, duab puab thiab tha xim. Twb tau los ntawm qhov deb, mus pehawm Vajtswv, cov neeg ntseeg pom cov duab puab sab nraud ntawm lub façade ntawm lub tuam tsev. Nyob rau hauv, lawv dhau los ntawm lub ntsiab portal - ib tug nplua nuj pob zeb carved nkag, nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub tsev. Nws cov rooj vag tooj liab loj heev feem ntau tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab zoo nkauj piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm phau Vajlugkub.
Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev, cov ntseeg taug kev mus rau lub thaj yav dhau los vaults, txhua kab, capitals, phab ntsa, kuj decorated nrog pob zeb carvings thiab frescoes. Cov dluab tau ua raws li cov phiaj xwm los ntawm Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, tab sis lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yeej ib txwm yog Vajtswv tus uas muaj hwjchim loj kawg nkaus, tsis muaj kev hlub tshua rau cov neeg txhaum uas tsis hloov siab lees txim thiab kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab. Qhov no yog li cas cov neeg ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog sawv cev rau tus Creator. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas cov tsev teev ntuj ua hauv Romanesque style hu ua "Vajtswv hauv pob zeb."
Nyob rau hauv cov duab puab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, zoo li hauv kev pleev xim, lub luag haujlwm ntawm tib neeg daim duab hauv kev zoo nkauj thiab cov paj ntoo muaj zog ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov duab puab monumental, tau txais los ntawm Antiquity, tau tag nrho subordinated rauarchitectural cov ntaub ntawv. Yog li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm basilicas tau raug xa mus rau pob zeb duab puab, feem ntau yog tsim tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm reliefs. Raws li txoj cai, lawv dai kom zoo nkauj tsis yog tsuas yog sab hauv, tab sis kuj sab nrauv phab ntsa ntawm basilicas. Nyob rau hauv friezes - zoo nkauj compositions, cov duab ntawm squat proportions prevailed, thiab ntawm tus ncej thiab txhua - elongated sawv daws yuav.
Ntxhais duab puab
Dhau li ntawm qhov no, cov duab puab tau nyob saum lub qhov rooj loj. Feem ntau nws yog ib daim duab ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Kawg. Tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws yog qhov chaw uas adorns qhov nkag ntawm Saint-Lazare Cathedral hauv Autun (Burgundy). Qhov no tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim thaum lub npe ntawm tus tswv uas tsim kev pab cuam los rau peb - Gislebert.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm daim duab yog daim duab ntawm Tswv Yexus tswj kev txiav txim. Nyob rau sab xis ntawm nws sawv ntsug lub jubilant ncaj ncees, nyob rau sab laug - trembling cov neeg txhaum. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab no yog ntau yam ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav. Cov kev txav, postures thiab ntsej muag qhia txog kev ntshai lossis kev cia siab. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau tus tswv yog tsim cov duab tsis ntseeg, tab sis qhia txog tag nrho cov gamut ntawm kev paub dhau los.
Nyob hauv txhua lub tebchaws, cov duab puab muaj nws tus yam ntxwv hauv tebchaws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, tsis zoo li Fabkis, lub facades thiab sab nrauv phab ntsa ntawm lub tuam tsev yuav luag tsis tau dai kom zoo nkauj. German sculpture ntawm Romanesque style yog nruj thiab ascetic, hnyav thiab tsis meej. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Laah Abbey ntawm St. Mary.
Cov duab puab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Romanesque tsis yog tsuas yog kev hlub rau sab ntsuj plig xwb, tab sis kuj rau qhov txawv tshaj plaw,zoo heev. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom pob zeb ornaments ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj kev zoo nkauj thiab tsis yooj yim: centaurs, tis zaj, liab ua si chess, thiab lwm yam. Cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj zoo heev uas tau txais los ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm pawg neeg German feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj lub facades thiab cov peev ntawm txhua kab ntawm Romanesque basilicas.
French style
Romanesque style thiab Gothic, uas hloov nws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIII, tshuav ib tug loj imprint rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm European kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Yog tias Romanesque yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev nruj thiab monumentality (tsis muaj kev xav, tsuas yog cov duab qhia meej meej thiab kev thov Vajtswv), ces Gothic tau txawv ntawm qhov kaj thiab sublimity.
Nws pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII. nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Fabkis, thiab tom qab ntawd kis tau yuav luag thoob plaws lub tebchaws: los ntawm Portugal mus rau Lithuania. Lub sijhawm ntawd nws tau hu ua "Fabkis style", thiab tom qab ntawd cov kev taw qhia tshiab hu ua "Gothic". Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, architecture ntawm lub Gothic cathedral khaws cov kev cai ntawm Romanesque style. Yuav luag tag nrho nws cov ntsiab lus tseem nyob, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv hloov pauv: nyias pawg ntawm cov kab zoo nkauj tau tshwm sim tsis yog cov ncej tuab, cov arches semicircular stretched upwards, me me qhov rais ua loj, puv lub tuam tsev nrog lub teeb.
Qab lus
Thawj tus kheej ua tiav ntawm cov neeg European, txawv ntawm cov duab qub, yog, ntawm chav kawm, Romanesque style. Cov duab ntawm cov tuam tsev medieval, sculptures, cov phau ntawv me me ua pov thawj tsis txaus ntseeg tias lub sijhawm no tau ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua.
