Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab yog lub sijhawm loj hauv kev loj hlob ntawm European haiv neeg, suav nrog 5th-15th caug xyoo AD. Lub era pib tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Great Roman faj tim teb chaws, xaus nrog lub pib ntawm kev lag luam kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv. Tshaj li kaum ib puas xyoo dhau los no, Tebchaws Europe tau los ntev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws zoo ntawm cov neeg, tsim cov teb chaws Europe loj thiab cov tsos ntawm cov monuments zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm - Gothic cathedrals.
Dab tsi yog yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg medieval
Txhua lub sijhawm keeb kwm muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb. Lub sijhawm keeb kwm nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab tsis muaj qhov zam.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab yog:
- kev lag luam kev lag luam - feem ntau cov neeg ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb;
- predominance ntawm cov pej xeem nyob deb nroog nyob hauv nroog (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ntxov);
- lub luag haujlwm loj ntawm pawg ntseeg;
- kev ua raws li cov lus txib Christian;
- crusades;
- feudalism;
- nce ntawm teb chaws-xeev;
- kab lis kev cai: gothic cathedrals, lus dab neeg, paj huam.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab - centuries yog dab tsi?
Lub sijhawm muab faib ua peb lub sijhawm loj:
- Early - 5th-10th centuries. n. e.
- High - 10th-14th centuries n. e.
- Tom qab - 14th-15th (16th) centuries. n. e.
Nug "Lub Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab - Dab tsi yog ntau pua xyoo?" tsis muaj cov lus teb meej, tsuas muaj cov duab kwv yees xwb - cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom ntawm ib lossis lwm pab pawg neeg keeb kwm.
Peb lub sijhawm yog qhov sib txawv ntawm ib leeg: thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab, Tebchaws Europe tau ntsib lub sijhawm muaj teebmeem - lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsis ruaj khov thiab kev tawg, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th ib haiv neeg nrog nws cov cwj pwm kev coj noj coj ua thiab ib txwm muaj nuj nqis raug tsim.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob mus ib txhis ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb
Qee lub sij hawm koj tuaj yeem hnov cov lus: "Antiquity yog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab." Ib tug neeg kawm ntawv yuav tuav nws lub taub hau thaum nws hnov qhov kev xav li no. Kev tshawb fawb ntseeg tau hais tias Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog ib lub sijhawm uas pib tom qab kev ntes ntawm Western Roman faj tim teb chaws los ntawm cov neeg phem nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5th. n. e.
Txawm li cas los xij, lwm tus kws sau keeb kwm (Fomenko) tsis qhia qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Hauv lawv lub voj voog ib tus tuaj yeem hnov cov lus: "Antiquity yog Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab." Qhov no yuav hais tsis yog los ntawm kev tsis paub, tab sis los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pom. Leej twg ntseeg thiab leej twg tsis yog nyob ntawm koj. Peb qhia txog qhov kev pom ntawm zaj dab neeg.
Nws pib li cas: kev tawg ntawm lub tebchaws Roman loj
Kev ntes ntawm Rome los ntawm cov neeg phem yog qhov xwm txheej keeb kwm loj uas tau cim qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawmTeb chaws Europe medieval.
Lub teb chaws Ottoman muaj nyob rau 12 centuries, lub sij hawm no invaluable kev thiab kev paub ntawm tib neeg tau sau, uas sunk mus rau hauv oblivion tom qab cov qus pab pawg neeg ntawm lub Ostrogoths, Huns thiab Gauls ntes nws sab hnub poob (476 AD).
Cov txheej txheem tau maj mam: ua ntej, cov xeev raug ntes tau tawm ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Rome, thiab tom qab ntawd lub chaw poob. Sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, nrog nws cov peev hauv Constantinople (tam sim no Istanbul), tau kav mus txog rau xyoo pua 15th.
Tom qab kev ntes thiab lub hnab ntawm Rome los ntawm cov neeg phem, Tebchaws Europe poob rau hauv lub sijhawm tsaus ntuj. Txawm hais tias muaj kev poob qis thiab kev kub ntxhov, cov pab pawg tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke, tsim cov xeev nyias thiab muaj kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb.
Hnub Nyoog Nrab Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog lub sijhawm ntawm "hnub tsaus ntuj": 5th-10th centuries. n. e
Lub sijhawm no, cov xeev ntawm lub tebchaws Loos qub tau dhau los ua cov xeev kav; Cov thawj coj ntawm Huns, Goths thiab Franks tshaj tawm lawv tus kheej dukes, suav thiab lwm lub npe loj. Kuj ceeb tias, tib neeg ntseeg cov neeg muaj cai tshaj plaws thiab lees txais lawv lub hwj chim.
Raws li nws muab tawm, cov pab pawg neeg barbarian tsis yog qus li ib tug yuav xav txog: lawv muaj pib ntawm statehood thiab paub metallurgy nyob rau hauv ib tug primitive theem.
Lub sijhawm no kuj tseem ceeb rau qhov tseeb tias peb lub vaj tse tau tsim:
- txiv plig;
- nobility;
- people.
Cov neeg suav nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov kws txawj thiab cov tub lag luam. Ntau tshaj 90% ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos thiab ua haujlwm hauv teb. Hom kev ua liaj ua tebyog agrarian.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab - 10th-14th centuries n. e
Nkauj kho siab. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog yus muaj los ntawm tsim ib tug tej yam worldview, yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug medieval neeg. Txoj kev xav tau nthuav dav: lub tswv yim ntawm kev zoo nkauj tau tshwm sim, uas muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua, thiab lub ntiaj teb zoo nkauj thiab sib haum xeeb.
Kev ntseeg ua lub luag haujlwm loj - tib neeg hwm Vajtswv, mus rau pawg ntseeg thiab sim ua raws li phau Vajlugkub muaj nuj nqis.
Kev lag luam ruaj khov tau tsim los ntawm sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj: cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg taug kev rov qab los ntawm cov tebchaws nyob deb, nqa cov plooj (porcelain), cov ntaub pua plag, cov txuj lom thiab cov kev xav tshiab ntawm cov tebchaws Esxias txawv. Tag nrho cov no tau ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev kawm ntawm cov neeg European.
Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej knight tau tshwm sim, uas rau hnub no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntxhais. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov nuances uas qhia qhov tsis meej ntawm nws daim duab. Ntawm ib sab, tus tub rog yog ib tug neeg siab tawv thiab ua siab loj ua tub rog uas tau cog lus rau tus npis sov tiv thaiv nws lub tebchaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau ua phem heev thiab tsis tsim nyog - tib txoj hauv kev los tawm tsam hordes ntawm qus barbarians.
Nws yeej muaj "pojniam ntawm lub siab" uas nws tau tawm tsam. Piv txwv li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias tus tub rog yog ib tus neeg muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, suav nrog kev tsim txiaj thiab kev ua phem.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab - 14th-15th (16th) centuries n. e
Cov neeg keeb kwm sab hnub poob xav txog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Asmeskas los ntawm Columbus (Lub Kaum Hli 12, 1492) yog qhov kawg ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lavxias teb sab historians ua raws li qhov sib txawvkev xav - pib ntawm kev lag luam kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th.
Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Zeeg Nruab Nrab (lub npe thib ob ntawm lub sijhawm lig) tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov nroog loj. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb loj loj kuj tau tshwm sim - vim li ntawd, cov cuab yeej cuab tam no tau dawb.
Tebchaws Europe tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj rau tib neeg vim muaj tus kabmob plague. Tus kab mob no tau ua rau ntau tus neeg tuag, thiab cov pej xeem ntawm qee lub nroog tau poob ib nrab.
Lub Nrab Hnub Nyoog Nrab Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog lub sijhawm ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub sijhawm nplua nuj nyob hauv European keeb kwm uas kav ntev txog ib txhiab xyoo.
Kev Ua Tsov Rog Ntau Xyoo: daim duab ntawm Joan ntawm Arc
Hnub Nyoog Kawg Nkaus kuj yog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Askiv thiab Fabkis uas tau kav ntev tshaj li ib puas xyoo.
Kev Ua Tsov Rog Ntau Xyoo (1337-1453) yog qhov xwm txheej loj uas teeb tsa lub vector rau kev loj hlob ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Nws tsis yog tsov rog heev, thiab tsis yog ib puas xyoo. Nws yuav yog qhov xav tau ntau dua los hu qhov xwm txheej keeb kwm no yog kev tawm tsam ntawm Askiv thiab Fabkis, qee zaum tig mus rau theem nquag.
Nws tag nrho pib nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Flanders, thaum huab tais ntawm Askiv pib thov Fabkis lub kaus mom. Thaum xub thawj, kev vam meej nrog Great Britain: cov neeg ua liaj ua teb me me ntawm archers yeej Fabkis cov tub rog. Tab sis tom qab ntawd muaj ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb tshwm sim: Joan ntawm Arc yug.
Tus ntxhais no ntxim hlub nrog tus txiv neej coj zoo thiab thaum nws tseem hluas nws tau kawm txog kev ua tub rog. Nws tswj kom sab ntsuj plig sib sau ua ke Fab Kis thiab tawm tsam Askiv vim ob yam:
- nws ntseeg siab tias nws ua tau;
- nws hu kom sib sau ua ke ntawm Fabkis ua ntejtus neeg sib tw lub ntsej muag.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev Ua Tsov Rog Ntau Xyoo yog kev yeej ntawm Fabkis, thiab Joan ntawm Arc tau nqis los hauv keeb kwm ua ib tus poj niam hauv tebchaws.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tau xaus nrog kev tsim ntawm feem ntau cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe thiab tsim cov neeg European.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub sijhawm rau kev vam meej nyob sab Europe
Lub sijhawm keeb kwm ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog ib txhiab xyoo nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Western kev vam meej. Yog tias tib tug tib neeg tau mus xyuas thawj Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab tom qab ntawd tsiv mus rau xyoo pua 15th, nws yuav tsis lees paub qhov chaw qub, qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov hloov pauv.
Cia peb sau luv luv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab:
- muag lub zos loj;
- kis ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe;
- Christianization los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe;
- kev kawm txuj ci ntawm Aurelius Augustine thiab Thomas Aquinas;
- kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog architecture, ntawv nyeem thiab kos duab;
- Cov neeg nyob sab Europe sab hnub poob tau npaj rau theem tshiab ntawm kev txhim kho.
kab lis kev cai ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab yog ib qho kev coj noj coj ua. Nws txhais tau hais tias lub tswv yim dav uas suav nrog cov khoom siv tsis tau thiab cov khoom ua tiav ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov no suav nrog:
- architecture;
- literature;
- painting.
Architecture
Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas muaj ntau lub tsev teev ntuj nyob sab Europe nto moo tau rov tsim dua. Medieval masters tsim architectural masterpieces nyob rau hauv ob yam ntxwv style: Romanesque thiabGothic.
Thawj qhov tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe hauv 11th-13th centuries. Qhov kev coj ua vaj tsev no tau txawv ntawm kev nruj thiab hnyav. Cov tuam tsev thiab cov tsev fuabtais hauv Romanesque style rau niaj hnub no txhawb kev nkag siab ntawm lub hnub nyoog nruab nrab uas tsaus muag. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws yog Bamberg Cathedral.
Gothic style tsis cia leej twg tsis quav ntsej: qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ua siab zoo ntawm cov tsev Gothic surprises.
Qhov chaw yug ntawm Gothic yog Fabkis. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, thawj lub tsev nyob rau hauv no style pib tshwm. Lawv txawv ntawm lawv cov molding elegant, kev taw qhia ntawm lub ntuj thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm glaring stained-iav qhov rais.
Cov neeg taug kev zoo nkauj yuav pom ntau lub tsev teev ntuj Gothic thiab cov tsev hauv nroog hauv Western Europe. Txawm li cas los xij, cia peb tsom mus rau qhov nto moo tshaj plaws:
- Notre Dame;
- Strasbourg Cathedral;
- Cologne Cathedral.
Literature
European cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov lus Christian, kev xav thaum ub thiab pej xeem epic. Tsis muaj ib hom ntawv nyeem hauv ntiaj teb tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov phau ntawv thiab ballads sau los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv medieval.
Qee cov dab neeg sib ntaus sib tua muaj nqis! Qhov tshwm sim nthuav dav feem ntau tshwm sim: cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua loj medieval (piv txwv li, Kev Sib Tw ntawm Gunstings) tsis yeem los ua tus sau: lawv yog thawj tus neeg pom ntawm cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim.
Ntaus medieval sau tau:
- Avrelius (Blessed) Augustine yog leej txiv ntawm scholasticism. Txuas lub tswv yim ntawm Vajtswv nrogLub tswv yim thaum ub nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm "Nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Vajtswv."
- Dante Alighieri yog tus sawv cev ci ntsa iab ntawm paj huam medieval. Sau Ntawv Nkauj Qhuas Vajtswv.
- Jean Marot - sau prose. Ib txoj hauj lwm uas paub zoo yog "Textbook of Princesses thiab Noble Ladies."
Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog ib lub sijhawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj. Koj tuaj yeem kawm txog txoj kev ua neej, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg los ntawm cov phau ntawv sau.
Painting
Lub nroog loj hlob, cov tsev teev ntuj tau tsim, thiab raws li, muaj kev thov rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsev. Thaum xub thawj, qhov no cuam tshuam txog cov tsev loj hauv nroog, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tsev ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj.
Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog lub sijhawm tsim ntawm European painting.
Feem ntau ntawm cov duab kos tau piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej hauv phau npaiv npaum - Virgin Mary nrog tus menyuam mos, tus Whore of Babylon, "Kev Tshaj Tawm" thiab lwm yam. Triptychs (peb daim duab me me hauv ib qho) thiab diptrichs (ob daim duab hauv ib qho) kis tau. Cov kws kos duab pleev xim rau phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj, cov tsev hauv nroog, pleev xim rau lub qhov rais rau cov tsev teev ntuj.
Medieval painting yog inextricably txuas nrog cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab kev pe hawm tus nkauj xwb Mary. Cov tswv tau piav qhia nws ntau txoj hauv kev: tab sis ib qho tuaj yeem hais tau - cov duab no zoo kawg nkaus.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab yog lub sijhawm ntawm Antiquity thiab New History. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas tau taug txoj hauv kev rau kev pib ntawm kev lag luam kiv puag ncig thiab kev tshawb pom thaj chaw zoo.
