Ancient Greek architecture: ntsiab thiab nta

Cov txheej txheem:

Ancient Greek architecture: ntsiab thiab nta
Ancient Greek architecture: ntsiab thiab nta
Anonim

Ancient Greek architecture tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub sijhawm tom ntej. Nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab lub tswv yim tau ntev tau nkag mus rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Dab tsi yog nthuav txog ancient Greek architecture? Cov txheej txheem kev txiav txim, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev npaj hauv nroog thiab kev tsim cov chaw ua yeeb yam tau piav qhia tom qab hauv kab lus.

sijhawm txhim kho

Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws yog ib qho kev vam meej thaum ub uas muaj ntau lub nroog-xeev tawg. Nws npog thaj tsam sab hnub poob ntawm Asia Me, sab qab teb ntawm Balkan Peninsula, cov Islands tuaj ntawm Hiav Txwv Aegean, nrog rau yav qab teb Ltalis, thaj av Dub hiav txwv thiab Sicily.

ancient Greek architecture
ancient Greek architecture

Ancient Greek architecture tau nce mus rau ntau yam thiab tau los ua lub hauv paus hauv architecture ntawm Renaissance. Hauv keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, ntau theem feem ntau yog qhov txawv.

  • Lub sijhawm Homeric (nruab nrab XII - nruab nrab VIII xyoo pua BC) - cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov yam ntxwv raws li cov kev cai qub Mycenaean. Cov tuam tsev tseem ceeb yog cov tsev nyob thiab thawj lub tuam tsev, ua los ntawm cov av nplaum, tsis muaj cib thiab ntoo. Thawjceramic cov ntsiab lus hauv décor.
  • Archaic (VIII - thaum ntxov V caug xyoo, 480s BC). Nrog rau kev tsim cov cai, cov vaj tse tshiab tshwm sim. Lub tuam tsev thiab lub square nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog lub neej. Hauv kev tsim kho, pob zeb siv ntau dua: limestone thiab marble, terracotta cladding. Muaj ntau hom tuam tsev. Qhov kev txiav txim Doric yeej yeej.
  • Classic (480 - 330 BC) - nyob zoo. Txhua yam kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ancient Greek architecture yog nquag tsim thiab txawm compositionally ua ke nrog ib leeg. Thawj qhov chaw ua yeeb yam thiab suab paj nruag Halls (odeions), cov tsev nyob nrog porticos tshwm. Lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev thiab lub quarter npaj tau tsim.
  • Hellenism (330 - 180 BC). Tsev ua yeeb yam thiab pej xeem vaj tse raug tsim. Lub ancient Greek style nyob rau hauv architecture yog complemented los ntawm oriental ntsiab. Kho kom zoo nkauj, khoom kim heev thiab pomp prevail. Txoj kev txiav txim Corinthian feem ntau siv.

Nyob rau hauv 180, tim Nkij teb chaws los nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Rome. Lub teb chaws Ottoman tau ntxias cov kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov masters ntawm kos duab rau nws lub peev, tau qiv qee cov kab lis kev cai los ntawm Greeks. Yog li ntawd, ancient Greek thiab Roman architecture muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm theaters los yog nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim system.

Architectural Philosophy

Nyob hauv txhua yam ntawm lub neej, cov neeg Greek thaum ub tau nrhiav kev sib haum xeeb. Cov tswv yim hais txog nws tsis yog qhov muag plooj thiab qhov theoretical nkaus xwb. Hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub, kev sib haum xeeb tau txhais tias yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov sib npaug zoo.

Lawv kuj tau siv rau tib neeg lub cev. Kev zoo nkauj tau ntsuas tsis tau tsuas yog "los ntawm qhov muag", tab sis kuj los ntawm cov lej tshwj xeeb. Yog li, tus sculptor Polikleitos nyob rau hauv lub treatise "Canon" qhia meej tsis meej ntawm tus txiv neej thiab poj niam zoo tagnrho. Kev zoo nkauj tau ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog lub cev thiab sab ntsuj plig kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm tus kheej.

Lub cev tib neeg tau pom tias yog ib qho qauv, cov ntsiab lus uas zoo sib xws rau ib leeg. Ancient Greek architecture thiab duab puab, nyob rau hauv lem, nrhiav kom phim lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntau npaum li sai tau.

Qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab cov duab ntawm cov mlom sib raug rau lub tswv yim ntawm lub cev "tso cai" thiab nws cov kev txwv. Hom sculptures feem ntau txhawb tus neeg zoo tagnrho: sab ntsuj plig, noj qab nyob zoo thiab kis las. Nyob rau hauv architecture, anthropomorphism manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm kev ntsuas (lub luj tshib, xibtes) thiab nyob rau hauv proportions uas tau muab los ntawm proportions ntawm daim duab.

Kem yog qhov pom ntawm tus neeg. Lawv lub hauv paus lossis lub hauv paus tau txheeb xyuas nrog taw, lub cev - nrog lub cev, lub peev - nrog lub taub hau. Vertical grooves los yog flutes ntawm lub ncej ntawm kem tau sawv cev los ntawm cov khaub ncaws folds.

Basic Orders of Ancient Greek Architecture

Tsis tas yuav tham txog kev ua tiav zoo ntawm engineering hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub. Cov txheej txheem nyuaj thiab cov kev daws teeb meem tsis tau siv thaum ntawd. Lub tuam tsev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tuaj yeem muab piv nrog ib lub megalith, qhov twg lub pob zeb beam so ntawm lub pob zeb. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ancient Greek architecture dag, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv nws aesthetics thiab decorativeness.

Kev ua yeeb yam thiab lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsev tau pab ua kom pom nws qhov kev txiav txim lossis ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv ib qho style thiab kev txiav txim. Muaj peb hom kev txiav txim loj hauv Greek thaum ubarchitecture:

  • Doric;
  • ionic;
  • Corinthian.

Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov txheej txheem sib xws, tab sis txawv ntawm lawv qhov chaw, cov duab thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj. Yog li, Greek kev txiav txim suav nrog stereobat, stylobate, entablature thiab cornice. Lub stereobat sawv cev ib kauj ruam dhau lub hauv paus. Tom ntej no tuaj lub stylobate los yog kab.

Lub entablature yog ib feem, nyob rau ntawm kab. Lub nqaj qis, uas tag nrho cov entablature so, yog hu ua architrave. Nws muaj ib tug frieze - nruab nrab hniav ib feem. Lub sab sauv ntawm lub entablature yog ib tug cornice, nws dai hla tag nrho cov seem.

Thaum xub thawj, cov ntsiab lus ntawm Greek architecture thaum ub tsis sib xyaw. Lub Ionic entablature nteg tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm Ionic kem, lub Corinthian - nyob rau hauv lub Corinthian. Ib style rau ib lub tsev. Tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm Parthenon los ntawm Iktin thiab Kallikrates nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5 BC. e. kev txiav txim pib ua ke thiab muab tso rau saum ib leeg. Qhov no tau ua tiav hauv qee qhov kev txiav txim: thawj Doric, tom qab ntawd Ionic, tom qab ntawd Corinthian.

Doric order

Doric thiab Ionic thaum ub Greek xaj hauv architecture yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lub Doric system tau muab faib rau hauv av loj thiab tau txais kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Mycenaean. Nws yog characterized los ntawm monumentality thiab me ntsis hnyav. Lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov kev txiav txim qhia tau hais tias muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev sib haum xeeb.

Doric kab qis. Lawv tsis muaj lub hauv paus, thiab lub cev muaj zog thiab tapers upward. Lub abacus, sab sauv ntawm lub peev, muaj ib tug square zoo thiab so ntawm ib puag ncig kev txhawb nqa (echinus). Lub tshuab raj feem ntau yognees nkaum. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Vitruvius piv cov kab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no nrog ib tug txiv neej - muaj zog thiab txwv.

ancient Greek Orders nyob rau hauv architecture
ancient Greek Orders nyob rau hauv architecture

Architrave, frieze thiab cornice yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv lub entablature ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Lub frieze tau sib cais los ntawm lub architrave los ntawm lub txee thiab muaj triglyphs - cov duab plaub ncab upwards nrog flutes, uas alternated nrog metopes - me ntsis recessed square daim hlau nrog los yog tsis muaj sculptural dluab. Friezes ntawm lwm qhov kev txiav txim tsis muaj triglyphs nrog metopes.

Lub triglyph feem ntau yog siv los ua lub hom phiaj. Cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias nws sawv cev rau qhov kawg ntawm kab teeb uas nteg rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub chaw dawb huv. Nws tau nruj me ntsis ntsuas qhov ntsuas thiab tau txais kev txhawb nqa rau cornice thiab rafters. Hauv qee lub tsev qub qub, qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm triglyph tsis tau sau nrog metopes, tab sis tseem khoob.

Ionic xaj

Ionic kev txiav txim tau dav dav ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Asia Minor, hauv Attica thiab ntawm cov Islands tuaj. Nws tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Phenicia thiab Persia ntawm Achaedine. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov qauv no yog lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Artemis ntawm Ephesus thiab lub Tuam Tsev Hera ntawm Samos.

Ionica tau txuam nrog cov duab ntawm tus poj niam. Qhov kev txiav txim yog yam ntxwv los ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj, lightness thiab refinement. Nws lub ntsiab feature yog lub peev, tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm volutes - symmetrically teem curls. Abacus thiab echin tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carvings.

ancient Greek theatre architecture
ancient Greek theatre architecture

Ionic kem yog nyias thiab slimmer dua Doric. Nws lub hauv paus so ntawm ib lub square slab thiab tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog convex thiabconcave ntsiab nrog ornamental txiav. Qee lub sij hawm lub hauv paus tau nyob ntawm lub nruas dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab puab. Nyob rau hauv ionics, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab yog ntau dua, uas ua rau kom lub airiness thiab sophistication ntawm lub tsev.

Lub entablature tuaj yeem suav nrog architrave thiab cornice (Asia Minor style) lossis peb ntu, xws li hauv dorica (Attic style). Lub architrave tau muab faib ua fascia - kab rov tav ledges. Nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab cornice yog cov hniav me me. Lub gutter ntawm lub eaves tau nplua nuj nrog ornaments.

Corinthian xaj

Txoj kev txiav txim Corinthian tsis tshua muaj kev ywj pheej, nws feem ntau txhais tau tias yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm Ionic kev txiav txim. Muaj ob lub versions ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no. Ntau mundane hais txog qiv nyiaj los ntawm Egyptian kab, uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nplooj nplooj. Raws li lwm txoj kev xav, qhov kev txiav txim tau tsim los ntawm ib tug sculptor los ntawm Kaulinthaus. Nws raug tshoov siab kom ua li ntawd los ntawm lub pob tawb uas nws pom muaj nplooj acanthus.

Nws txawv ntawm Ionic ib qho tshwj xeeb hauv qhov siab thiab décor ntawm lub peev, uas yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog stylized acanthus nplooj. Ob kab ntawm fashioned nplooj thav duab saum toj ntawm kem nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog. Ob sab ntawm abacus yog concave thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog loj thiab me me kauv curls.

ancient Greek style nyob rau hauv architecture
ancient Greek style nyob rau hauv architecture

Lub Corinthian kev txiav txim yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv décor dua li lwm cov lus Greek thaum ub hauv architecture. Ntawm tag nrho peb hom, nws tau suav hais tias yog cov khoom kim tshaj plaws, elegant thiab nplua nuj. Nws rhiab heev thiab sophistication tau txuam nrog cov duab ntawm ib tug hluas nkauj, thiab acanthus nplooj zoo li curls. Vim qhov no, qhov kev txiav txim yog feem ntauhu ua "girlish".

Ancient temples

Lub tuam tsev yog lub tsev tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Ancient Greece. Nws cov duab yog qhov yooj yim, cov qauv rau nws yog cov vaj tsev nyob. Lub tuam tsev ntawm lub tuam tsev Greek thaum ub maj mam ua ntau dua thiab ntxiv nrog cov ntsiab lus tshiab kom txog rau thaum nws tau txais ib puag ncig. Feem ntau cov qauv no txawv:

  • dev;
  • kev zam txim;
  • amphiprostyle;
  • peripter;
  • dub;
  • pseudo-dipter;
  • tholos.

Lub Tuam Tsev hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub tsis muaj qhov rais. Sab nraum, nws yog surrounded los ntawm kab, uas muaj ib lub ru tsev gable thiab kab teeb. Sab hauv yog lub tsev teev ntuj nrog ib tug pej thuam ntawm tus vajtswv uas lub tuam tsev tau muab fij tseg.

Peb hom kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ancient Greek architecture
Peb hom kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ancient Greek architecture

Qee lub tsev tuaj yeem muaj chav hnav khaub ncaws me me - pronaos. Nyob tom qab ntawm lub tuam tsev loj muaj dua ib chav. Nws muaj cov nyiaj pub dawb los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv, cov khoom dawb ceev thiab lub nroog cov nyiaj txiag.

Thawj hom lub tuam tsev - distil - muaj ib lub chaw dawb huv, ib lub loggia pem hauv ntej, uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm phab ntsa los yog antes. Muaj ob kab hauv loggia. Nrog rau qhov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv, tus naj npawb ntawm kab tau nce. Muaj plaub ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov style, nyob rau hauv lub amphiprostyle - plaub txhua nyob rau tom qab thiab pem hauv ntej facade.

Nyob hauv cov tuam tsev, lawv ncig lub tsev los ntawm txhua sab. Yog hais tias cov kab yog lined nyob rau hauv perimeter nyob rau hauv ob kab, ces qhov no yog lub dipter style. Qhov kawg style, tholos, kuj yog ib puag ncig los ntawm txhua kab, tab sis lub perimeter yog cylindrical. Thaum lub sij hawm Roman faj tim teb chaws, cov tholos tau tsim los ua ib hom tsev"rotunda".

Txoj cai ntaus ntawv

Ancient Greek txoj cai tau tsim nyob ze ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Lawv tau tsim los ua kev lag luam kev ywj pheej. Txhua tus neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws tau koom nrog hauv pej xeem thiab kev nom kev tswv lub neej hauv nroog. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias ancient Greek architecture tab tom txhim kho tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov chaw teev ntuj, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm pej xeem vaj tse.

Sab qaum teb ntawm lub nroog yog acropolis. Raws li txoj cai, nws tau nyob rau hauv ib lub toj thiab tau zoo fortified nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tuav tus yeeb ncuab thaum lub sij hawm ib tug surprise nres. Nyob rau hauv nws ciam teb yog cov tuam tsev ntawm cov vajtswv uas patronized lub nroog.

hom kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ancient Greek architecture
hom kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv ancient Greek architecture

Lub nroog ntawm Lub Nroog Lower yog lub agora - qhov qhib kev lag luam square uas tau ua lag luam, cov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv zej zog thiab kev nom kev tswv tau daws. Nws muaj tsev kawm ntawv, lub tsev ntawm pawg txwj laus, lub basilica, lub tsev rau kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev sib ntsib, nrog rau cov tuam tsev. Qee zaum cov pej thuam tau muab tso rau ib puag ncig ntawm lub agora.

Txij thaum pib, Greek architecture thaum ub tau xav tias cov tsev nyob hauv cov cai raug tso tawm dawb. Lawv qhov chaw nyob yog nyob ntawm thaj chaw topography. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5 BC, Hippogames coj txog ib tug tiag tiag kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub nroog npaj. Nws tau npaj ib daim phiaj meej ntawm txoj kev, uas faib cov blocks rau hauv cov duab plaub los yog squares.

Txhua lub tsev thiab cov khoom, suav nrog cov agora, nyob rau hauv lub block cells, tsis tau tawm ntawm lub suab nrov. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tau ua kom yooj yim los ua kom tiav kev tsim kho cov ntu tshiab ntawm txoj cai, tsis ua txhaum kev ncaj ncees thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Los ntawm qhov projectHippodama tau tsim los ntawm Miletus, Knida, Assos, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis, piv txwv li, Athens tseem nyob hauv daim ntawv "chaotic" qub.

Nyob lub quarters

Lub tsev nyob rau tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub txawv nyob ntawm lub sijhawm, nrog rau cov tswv muaj nyiaj. Muaj ob peb hom tsev tseem ceeb:

  • megaron;
  • apsidal;
  • herd;
  • peristyle.

Ib qho ntawm cov tsev nyob ntxov tshaj plaws yog megaron. Nws txoj kev npaj tau los ua tus qauv rau thawj lub tuam tsev ntawm Homeric era. Lub tsev muaj ib tug duab plaub, nyob rau hauv lub kawg ib feem ntawm uas muaj ib tug qhib chav tsev nrog ib tug portico. Txoj kev yog edged los ntawm ob kab thiab protruding phab ntsa. Tsuas muaj ib chav sab hauv xwb, muaj lub qhov cub nruab nrab thiab ib lub qhov hauv lub ru tsev kom pa taws kom dim.

Lub tsev apsidal kuj tau ua thaum ntxov. Nws yog ib daim duab plaub uas muaj qhov sib npaug kawg, uas yog hu ua apse. Tom qab ntawd, cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab tsev kawm qib siab tau tshwm sim. Cov phab ntsa sab nrauv nyob rau hauv lawv lag ntseg, thiab cov layout ntawm lub tsev raug kaw.

Pastada yog ib qho chaw nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub tshav puam. Los ntawm saum toj no nws tau them thiab txhawb nqa los ntawm kev txhawb nqa los ntawm ntoo. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th BC, lub peristyle tau nrov. Nws khaws cov txheej txheem qub, tab sis cov lus qhuab qhia yog hloov los ntawm cov kab npog nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub tshav puam.

Txog ntawm txoj kev tsuas muaj cov phab ntsa du. Sab hauv muaj ib lub tshav puam, nyob ib ncig ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev. Raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj qhov rais; lub tshav puam yog qhov chaw ntawm lub teeb. Yog tias muaj qhov rais, lawv tau nyob rau hauv pem teb thib ob. Sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj feem ntau yog yooj yim, ntau dhaupib tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Hellenistic era.

cov kev txiav txim tseem ceeb ntawm ancient Greek architecture
cov kev txiav txim tseem ceeb ntawm ancient Greek architecture

Lub tsev tau muab faib ua ib tug poj niam (gynoecium) thiab ib tug txiv neej (andron) ib nrab. Hauv cov txiv neej, lawv tau txais qhua thiab noj mov. Nws yog tau mus rau tus poj niam ib nrab ntawm nws xwb. Los ntawm sab ntawm gynaecium yog qhov nkag mus rau lub vaj. Cov neeg nplua nuj kuj nyob hauv chav ua noj, chav da dej thiab chav ua mov ci. Lub tsev thib ob feem ntau yog xauj tawm.

Ancient Greek theatre architecture

Kev ua yeeb yam hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub ua ke tsis yog ib qho kev lom zem xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev ntseeg. Nws keeb kwm yog txuam nrog kev ntseeg ntawm Dionysus. Thawj theatrical ua yeeb yam tau npaj los hwm tus vajtswv no. Lub tsev ua yeeb yam ntawm Greek theatre thaum ub ua rau nco txog keeb kwm kev ntseeg ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, yam tsawg kawg ntawm lub thaj, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub orchestra.

Keeb Kwm, ua si thiab ua si tau tshwm sim ntawm theem. Nyob rau xyoo pua 4 BC, lawv tau tso tseg tsis cuam tshuam txog kev ntseeg. Kev faib tawm ntawm lub luag haujlwm thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tau ua los ntawm archon. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua los ntawm ntau tshaj peb tus neeg, cov poj niam tau ua los ntawm cov txiv neej. Zaj yeeb yaj kiab tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib tw, qhov twg cov kws sau paj huam tau hloov pauv lawv cov haujlwm.

nta ntawm ancient Greek architecture
nta ntawm ancient Greek architecture

Cov txheej txheem ntawm thawj cov yeeb yaj kiab tau yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog lub orchestra - ib tug puag ncig platform uas lub hu nkauj nyob. Qab nws yog ib chav tsev uas cov neeg ua yeeb yam (skena) hloov lawv cov khaub ncaws. Lub auditorium (theatron) yog qhov loj me thiab nyob rau ntawm ib lub toj, skirting the stage in a semicircle.

Tag nrho cov chaw ua yeeb yam tau nyob ncaj qha hauv qab qhibntuj. Thaum xub thawj, lawv nyob ib ntus. Rau txhua hnub so, ntoo platforms tau tsim dua tshiab. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5 BC, qhov chaw rau cov neeg tuaj saib tau pib ua los ntawm pob zeb txoj cai nyob rau hauv toj siab. Qhov no tsim ib qho tseeb thiab ntuj funnel, ua rau zoo acoustics. Txhawm rau txhim kho lub suab nrov, cov nkoj tshwj xeeb tau muab tso rau ze ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib.

Nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, kev tsim ntawm theem kuj yuav nyuaj dua. Nws sab pem hauv ntej muaj cov kab thiab ua raws li lub hauv paus facade ntawm cov tuam tsev. Nyob rau sab yog chav - paraskenii. Lawv khaws scenery thiab theatrical khoom. Hauv Athens, qhov chaw ua yeeb yam loj tshaj plaws yog Theatre of Dionysus.

Acropolis ntawm Athens

Ib txhia monuments ntawm ancient Greek architecture tuaj yeem pom tam sim no. Ib qho ntawm cov qauv ua tiav tshaj plaws uas tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no yog Acropolis ntawm Athens. Nws nyob ntawm Mount Pyrgos ntawm qhov siab ntawm 156 meters. Lub tsev ua yeeb yam ntawm Dionysus, lub tuam tsev ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Athena Parthenon, lub sanctuary ntawm Zeus, Artemis, Nike thiab lwm lub tsev nto moo nyob ntawm no.

Cov tuam tsev ntawm Acropolis ntawm Athens yog qhov ua tau zoo los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tag nrho peb qhov kev txiav txim. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov qauv kos npe rau Parthenon. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug Doric perimeter, lub sab hauv frieze uas yog ua nyob rau hauv lub Ionic style.

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, ib puag ncig los ntawm txhua kab, muaj ib tug pej thuam ntawm Athena. Lub acropolis ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nom kev tswv. Nws zoo nkaus li yuav tsum tau hais txog lub nroog hegemony, thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Parthenon yuav tsum tau hu nkauj ntawm kev yeej ntawm kev ywj pheej hla lub aristocratic system.

Ntawm mus rau lub tsev loj thiab zoo nkauj ntawm Parthenon yog Erechtheion. Nws tiav lawmhauv kev txiav txim Ionic. Tsis zoo li nws "neeg zej zog", nws hu nkauj ntawm kev tshav ntuj thiab kev zoo nkauj. Lub tuam tsev yog fij rau ob tug vajtswv ib zaug - Poseidon thiab Athena, thiab nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw, raws li cov lus dab neeg, lawv muaj kev sib cav.

Vim cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nyem, qhov teeb tsa ntawm Erechtheion yog asymmetric. Nws muaj ob sanctuaries - cellae thiab ob nkag. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub tuam tsev muaj ib lub portico, uas yog kev txhawb nqa tsis yog los ntawm txhua kab, tab sis los ntawm marble caryatids (cov pej thuam ntawm cov poj niam).

Tsis tas li ntawd, Propylaea, lub ntsiab nkag, nyob ib puag ncig ntawm txhua kab thiab porticos, tau khaws cia hauv acropolis, nyob rau sab uas muaj lub palace thiab chaw ua si. Nyob rau toj siab kuj nyob Arreforion - ib lub tsev rau cov ntxhais xaws khaub ncaws rau Athenian ua si.

Pom zoo: