Ib hom lus uas neeg tuag coob tshaj plaws yog Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic. Cov lus uas yog ib feem ntawm nws cov lus, cov qauv sau ntawv cov cai, txawm tias qee lub suab thiab cov tsiaj ntawv los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no. Cia peb saib seb nws yog hom lus twg, thaum twg thiab qhov twg nws tuaj, thiab seb nws puas siv niaj hnub no thiab hauv thaj chaw twg.
Peb tseem yuav tham txog vim li cas nws thiaj kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab, thiab peb tseem yuav hais txog cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb ntawm Cyrillic thiab Old Church Slavonic cov lus sau. Cia peb nco ntsoov Cyril thiab Methodius, cov kwv tij Thexalaunika uas muaj npe nrov thoob ntiaj teb.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau mloog cov lus no rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, kawm cov ntawv qub Slavonic thiab keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, tsis muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws. Yog hais tias lub grammatical thiab phonetic qauv ntawm cov lus, cov lexical muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ntau los yog tsawg kawm, ces txhua yam hais txog nws keeb kwm yog tseem nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug.
Ua txhaumQhov no yog vim tias cov neeg tsim kev sau ntawv lawv tus kheej tsis tau khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm, lossis cov ntaub ntawv no tau ploj mus dhau sijhawm. Kev kawm ntxaws ntxaws ntawm kev sau ntawv nws tus kheej tau pib tsuas yog ob peb xyoo tom qab ntawd, thaum tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem hais tau tseeb tias hom lus twg los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawv no.
Nws ntseeg tias hom lus no tau tsim los ntawm cov lus ntawm Bulgarian cov lus nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua IX thiab tau siv nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia rau ntau pua xyoo.
Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias hauv qee qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem pom lub npe sib txawv ntawm cov lus - Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias yug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yog txuas ncaj qha mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj. Thaum xub thawj, cov ntawv nyeem yog lub tsev teev ntuj: cov phau ntawv, kev thov Vajtswv, cov lus piv txwv tau raug txhais, thiab cov vaj lug kub qub kuj raug tsim. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, qhov tseem ceeb, tsuas yog cov neeg ua hauj lwm hauv pawg ntseeg xwb thiaj hais tau yam lus no.
Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov lus thiab kab lis kev cai, Qub Slavonic tau hloov los ntawm Cov Lus Lavxias qub, uas feem ntau vam khom rau nws cov thawj coj. Nws tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsab ntawv qub Slavonic tau nqes los rau peb xyaum tsis hloov, thiab peb siv nws los txog niaj hnub no. Peb kuj siv cov txheej txheem sau ntawv, uas pib tshwm sim txawm tias ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm Cov Lus Laus Laus.
Creation Versions
Nws ntseeg tias Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus tshuav nws qhov tsos rau Cyril thiab Methodius. Thiab nws yog cov ntaub ntawv no uas peb pom hauv txhua phau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm cov lus thiab kev sau ntawv.
Cov kwv tij tsim los ntawm ib qho ntawm Solunsky dialects ntawm Slavs tshiabsau ntawv. Qhov no tau ua tiav feem ntau txhawm rau txhais cov ntawv hauv phau npaiv npaum thiab kev thov Vajtswv hauv pawg ntseeg rau hauv Slavonic.
Tab sis muaj lwm yam versions ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov lus. Yog li, I. Yagich ntseeg tias ib qho ntawm cov lus ntawm cov lus Macedonian tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic.
Tseem muaj ib txoj kev xav raws li cov lus Bulgarian yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawv tshiab. Nws yuav raug xaiv tsa los ntawm P. Safarik. Nws kuj ntseeg hais tias hom lus no yuav tsum hu ua Old Bulgarian, thiab tsis yog Old Slavonic. Txog tam sim no, qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav txog qhov teeb meem no.
Los ntawm txoj kev, Bulgarian linguists tseem ntseeg hais tias cov lus peb tab tom txiav txim siab yog qhov qub Bulgarian, tsis yog Slavic.
Peb tuaj yeem xav tias muaj lwm yam, tsis tshua paub qhov kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov lus, tab sis lawv tsis tau raug txiav txim siab hauv lub voj voog kev tshawb fawb, lossis lawv qhov ua tsis tiav tau raug pov thawj.
Txawm li cas los xij, Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic cov lus tuaj yeem pom tsis yog hauv Lavxias, Belarusian thiab Ukrainian, tab sis kuj yog lus Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian thiab lwm yam lus Slavic. Yog li ntawd, kev sib tham txog yam lus twg nyob ze rau lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic tsis zoo li yuav ua tiav.
Thessalonica cov kwv tij
Tus tsim ntawm Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic cov tsiaj ntawv - Cyril thiab Methodius - tuaj ntawm lub nroog Thessalonica, hauv tebchaws Greece. Cov kwv tij tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg muaj nyiaj nplua nuj, lawv muaj peev xwm kawm tau zoo.
Tus tij laug - Michael - yug nyob ib ncig ntawm 815. Thaum nws raug tsa ua vajntxwv, nws tau txais lub npe Methodius.
Konstantin yog tus yau tshajnyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg thiab yug nyob ib ncig ntawm 826. Nws paub lus txawv teb chaws, nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau tus kwv yees ua tiav thiab lub neej yav tom ntej zoo rau nws, Konstantin txiav txim siab ua raws li nws tus tij laug thiab tau los ua ib tug hauj sam, tau txais lub npe Cyril. Nws tuag hauv 869.
Cov kwv tij tau koom tes nrog kev tshaj tawm kev ntseeg Vajtswv thiab kev sau ntawv dawb ceev. Lawv tau mus xyuas ntau lub tebchaws, sim qhia Vajtswv txoj lus rau tib neeg. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij, nws yog cov ntawv qub Slavonic uas coj lawv lub koob meej hauv ntiaj teb.
Ob tus kwv tij tau ua nom ua tswv. Hauv qee lub tebchaws Slavic, Tsib Hlis 24 ua kev zoo siab raws li hnub Slavic sau ntawv thiab kab lis kev cai (Russia thiab Bulgaria). Nyob rau hauv Macedonia, Cyril thiab Methodius yog venerated hnub no. Ob lub teb chaws Slavic ntxiv - Czech koom pheej thiab Slovakia - tsiv lub hnub so rau Lub Xya Hli 5.
ob tus tsiaj ntawv
Nws ntseeg tau tias tsab ntawv qub Slavonic tau tsim los ntawm Greek cov neeg paub zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, thawj zaug muaj ob cov tsiaj ntawv - Glagolitic thiab Cyrillic. Cia peb saib lawv luv luv.
thawj yog Glagolitic. Nws ntseeg tias Cyril thiab Methodius yog nws tus tsim. Nws ntseeg tau tias cov tsiaj ntawv no tsis muaj lub hauv paus thiab tau tsim los ntawm kos. Hauv tebchaws Russia qub, nws tau siv tsis tshua muaj, qee zaum.
Second - Cyrillic. Nws cov creation kuj raug ntaus nqi rau cov kwv tij Thessalonica. Nws ntseeg tau tias tsab ntawv Byzantine tau raug coj los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Tam sim no, Sab Hnub Tuaj Slavs - Russians, Ukrainians thiab Belarusians - siv cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv qub Slavonic, los yog theej, cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic.
Yog lo lus nug ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv twg yog laus dua, ces nyob rauKuj tsis muaj lus teb meej rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb txuas ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias ob qho tib si Cyrillic thiab Glagolitic tau tsim los ntawm Thessalonica cov kwv tij, ces qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov creation tsis zoo li muaj tshaj kaum los yog kaum tsib xyoo.
Puas muaj lus sau ua ntej Cyrillic?
Nws kuj yog qhov nthuav tias qee cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm cov lus ntseeg tias muaj kev sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia txawm tias ua ntej Cyril thiab Methodius. Lub "Phau Ntawv ntawm Veles", uas tau sau los ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab Magi ua ntej kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, suav hais tias yog ib qho kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kev xav no. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws tsis tau muaj pov thawj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua uas lub literary monument tau tsim.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub thiab cov kws tshawb fawb muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj kev sau ntawv ntawm Slavs. Nws kuj tseem hais txog cov ntawv cog lus uas cov thawj coj tau kos npe nrog cov tub lag luam Byzantine.
Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tseem tsis tau muaj tseeb tias qhov no yog qhov tseeb, thiab yog tias muaj, hom ntawv sau dab tsi hauv tebchaws Russia ua ntej tshaj tawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv.
Kawm Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic
Hais txog kev kawm ntawm lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus, nws yog qhov txaus siab tsis yog rau cov kws tshawb fawb kawm keeb kwm ntawm cov lus, kev hais lus, tab sis kuj rau cov kws tshawb fawb Slavic.
Nws pib kawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv keeb kwm sib piv. Peb yuav tsis nyob ntawm qhov teeb meem no kom ntxaws, txij li qhov tseeb, tus neeg uas tsis paub txog kev paub lus zoo yuav tsis nyiam thiab paub txog cov npe thiab cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Cia peb hais tias ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshawb fawb yogNtau tshaj li ib phau ntawv tau muab tso ua ke, ntau ntawm lawv tau siv los kawm keeb kwm ntawm cov lus thiab cov lus piav qhia.
Nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb, theories ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus tau raug tsim, dictionaries ntawm lub Koom Txoos qub Slavonic cov lus tau muab tso ua ke, cov qauv sau ntawv thiab phonetics tau kawm. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tseem muaj qhov tsis paub meej thiab tsis meej ntawm lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus.
Tseem cia peb muab cov npe ntawm cov phau ntawv teev npe nto moo tshaj plaws thiab cov phau ntawv kawm ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus. Tej zaum cov phau ntawv no yuav txaus siab rau koj thiab pab koj nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm peb cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev sau ntawv.
Cov phau ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws tau luam tawm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb xws li Khabugraev, Remneva, Elkina. Tag nrho peb phau ntawv no hu ua "Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic".
Ib txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws tau tso tawm los ntawm A. Selishchev. Nws tau npaj ib phau ntawv kawm, muaj ob ntu thiab npog tag nrho cov kab ke ntawm Cov Lus Slavonic qub, tsis yog tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv theoretical xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov ntawv, phau ntawv txhais lus, thiab qee cov lus ntawm cov lus ntawm cov lus.
Cov ntaub ntawv muab rau cov kwv tij Thexalaunikes thiab keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv kuj nthuav. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1930, "Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm feem ntau ancient Slavic sau" tau luam tawm, sau los ntawm P. Lavrov.
Tsis muaj nqi tsawg yog cov hauj lwm ntawm A. Shakhmatov, uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Berlin xyoo 1908 - "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm kev txhais cov phau ntawv rau Slovenian". Xyoo 1855, O. Bodiansky's monograph "Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Slavic sau ntawv" pom lub teeb ntawm hnub.
Tsis tas li, "Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic Dictionary" tau muab tso ua ke, raws li cov ntawv sau X - XIcenturies, uas tau kho los ntawm R. Zeitlin thiab R. Vecherka.
Tag nrho cov phau ntawv no tau paub dav. Raws li lawv lub hauv paus, tsis tsuas yog sau cov ntawv sau thiab tshaj tawm txog keeb kwm ntawm cov lus, tab sis kuj npaj ua haujlwm hnyav dua.
Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lo lus
Ib txheej loj heev ntawm Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic cov lus tau txais los ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Cov lus qub Slavonic tau ruaj khov rau hauv peb cov lus, thiab hnub no peb yuav tsis tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
Cia peb saib ob peb yam piv txwv kom koj nkag siab tias lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonicism tau nkag mus rau hauv peb hom lus tob npaum li cas.
Cov ntsiab lus hauv pawg ntseeg xws li "tus pov thawj", "kev txi", "rod" tuaj rau peb los ntawm cov lus qub Slavonic, cov ntsiab lus tsis meej xws li "lub hwj chim", "kev puas tsuaj", "kev pom zoo" kuj nyob ntawm no.
Tau kawg, muaj ntau ntau qhov qub Slavonicisms lawv tus kheej. Nov yog ob peb lub cim qhia tias lo lus yog lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonicism.
1. Lub xub ntiag ntawm prefixes nyob rau hauv thiab dhau. Piv txwv li: rov qab, ntau dhau.
2. Ua ke lexemes nrog cov lus Vajtswv-, zoo-, kev txhaum-, kev phem- thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li: kev phem kev qias, poob rau hauv kev txhaum.
2. Lub xub ntiag ntawm suffixes -stv-, -zn-, -usch-, -yushch-, -asch- -yashch-. Piv txwv li: kub, melting.
Zoo li peb tau sau tseg ob peb lub cim uas koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas Cov Neeg Laus Slavonicisms, tab sis tej zaum koj twb tau nco qab ntau dua ib lo lus uas tuaj rau peb los ntawm Qub Slavonic.
Yog koj xav paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lo lus, cespeb tuaj yeem qhia koj kom saib rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Yuav luag txhua tus tau khaws lawv lub ntsiab lus qub, txawm tias muaj ntau tshaj li kaum xyoo dhau los.
siv tam sim no
Tam sim no, Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus tab tom kawm hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv qee lub tsev kawm thiab tshwj xeeb, thiab tseem siv hauv pawg ntseeg.
Ntawm no yog vim lub sij hawm no txoj kev loj hlob lo lus no suav hais tias tuag. Nws siv tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, txij li thaum muaj ntau yam kev thov Vajtswv raug sau ua lus no. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov qhov tseeb tias thawj cov vaj lug kub tau muab txhais ua lus qub Slavonic thiab tseem siv los ntawm pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv tib daim ntawv raws li ib puas xyoo dhau los.
Hais txog lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb, peb nco ntsoov qhov tseeb tias Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic cov lus thiab lawv cov ntawv feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv cov lus. Qhov no nyiam cov kws kho mob tham, tso cai rau lawv los kawm txog kev txhim kho ntawm cov lus, nws tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv thiab hom lus.
Cov kws tshawb fawb txog kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm kuj paub cov lus no, vim lawv txoj haujlwm ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog keeb kwm yav dhau los.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau theem no cov lus no suav hais tias tuag lawm, vim tsis muaj leej twg tau sib txuas lus tau ntev, thiab tsuas yog ob peb tug paub xwb.
siv lub tsev teev ntuj
hom lus no tau siv dav hauv pawg ntseeg. Yog li ntawd, cov lus thov qub Slavonic tuaj yeem hnov hauv txhua lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov ntawv hauv pawg ntseeg, phau Vajlugkub kuj tau nyeem rau ntawd.
Tib lub sijhawm, peb sau tsegkuj yog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev teev ntuj, cov tub ntxhais kawm seminarians kuj kawm cov lus no, nws cov yam ntxwv, xov tooj thiab cov duab. Niaj hnub no, lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic tau raug suav hais tias yog lus ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox.
Cov lus thov uas nto moo tshaj plaws, uas feem ntau nyeem hauv cov lus no, yog "Peb Txiv". Tab sis tseem muaj ntau qhov kev thov Vajtswv hauv cov lus qub Slavonic, uas tsis tshua paub. Koj tuaj yeem pom lawv hauv phau ntawv thov Vajtswv qub, lossis koj tuaj yeem hnov lawv los ntawm kev mus xyuas tib lub tsev teev ntuj.
Study in universities
Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic niaj hnub no tau kawm dav hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab. Dhau nws ntawm lub philological faculties, keeb kwm, raug cai. Hauv qee lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws tseem tuaj yeem kawm rau cov tub ntxhais kawm kev xav.
Qhov kev pab cuam suav nrog keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm, cov tsiaj ntawv qub Slavonic, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab, cov lus, cov qauv sau ntawv. Syntax Basics.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tsis yog kawm cov cai xwb, kawm paub txo cov lus, cais lawv ua ib feem ntawm kev hais lus, tab sis kuj nyeem cov ntawv sau ua hom lus no, sim txhais lus thiab nkag siab lub ntsiab lus.
Txhua yam no ua tiav kom cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem siv lawv txoj kev paub ntxiv los kawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev txhim kho cov lus Lavxias, nws cov lus.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nws nyuaj heev los kawm lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic. Cov ntawv sau rau nws nyuaj rau kev nyeem, vim nws tsis tsuas yog muaj ntau yam archaisms, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov kev cai rau kev nyeem cov ntawv "yat", "er" thiab "er" yog qhov nyuaj rau nco ntsoov thaum xub thawj.
History me nyuam kawm ntawv, ua tsaug rau qhov tau txais kev paub, yuav tau kawm thaum ubmonuments ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab sau ntawv, nyeem cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab annals, kom nkag siab txog lawv cov ntsiab lus.
Ib yam siv rau cov uas kawm ntawm faculties of philosophy, law.
Txawm hais tias niaj hnub no Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic yog lus tuag, kev txaus siab rau nws tseem tsis tau ploj mus txog tam sim no.
Cov Lus Qhia
Nws yog lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic uas tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Cov Lus Laus Laus, uas, dhau los, hloov cov lus Lavxias. Lo lus ntawm qub Slavonic keeb kwm yog perceived los ntawm peb raws li primordially Russian.
Ib txheej tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus, cov lus hais, cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm East Slavic lus - tag nrho cov no tau muab tso rau hauv lub sijhawm txhim kho thiab siv lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus.
Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic yog hom lus tuag, uas tam sim no tsuas yog hais los ntawm pawg ntseeg cov thawj coj. Nws tau tsim rov qab rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th los ntawm cov kwv tij Cyril thiab Methodius thiab yog thawj zaug siv los txhais thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv hauv pawg ntseeg. Qhov tseeb, lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic yeej ib txwm yog ib hom lus uas tsis tau hais hauv cov neeg.
Hnub no peb tsis siv nws lawm, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tau kawm dav ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm, nrog rau hauv cov tsev kawm theological. Niaj hnub no, lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic cov lus thiab cov lus qub no tuaj yeem hnov los ntawm kev mus koom lub koom txoos kev pabcuam, txij li txhua qhov kev thov Vajtswv hauv pawg ntseeg Orthodox tau nyeem hauv nws.
