Propane: tshuaj muaj zog, qauv, ntau lawm, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 17:48

Propane yog cov organic compound, tus neeg sawv cev thib peb ntawm alkanes hauv homologous series. Nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, nws yog ib qho tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm propane yog C₃H_{8. Hluav taws kub thiab tawg txaus ntshai. Nws muaj me ntsis toxicity. Nws muaj cov nyhuv me me ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab muaj cov khoom noj tshuaj.}

Kev tsim kho

Propane yog saturated hydrocarbon uas muaj peb carbon atoms. Vim li no, nws muaj cov duab nkhaus, tab sis vim qhov kev sib hloov tas li nyob ib puag ncig ntawm daim ntawv cog lus, muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov molecular. Cov ntawv cog lus hauv cov molecule yog covalent: C-C tsis-polar, C-H tsis muaj zog polar. Vim li no, lawv nyuaj rau kev tawg, thiab cov tshuaj yog qhov nyuaj rau nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no teev tag nrho cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm propane. Nws tsis muaj isomers. Cov molar loj ntawm propane yog 44.1 g / mol.

Txoj kev tau txais

Propane yuav luag tsis muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev lag luam. Nws yog cais los ntawm cov nkev thiab roj los ntawm distillation. Rau qhov no muajtshwj xeeb ntau lawm units.

Hauv chav kuaj, propane tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no:

1. Hydrogenation ntawm propene. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum kub nce thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst (Ni, Pt, Pd).



2. Txo cov alkane halides. Cov halides sib txawv siv cov tshuaj sib txawv thiab cov xwm txheej.



3. Wurtz Synthesis. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog tias ob lub haloaclkane molecules khi rau hauv ib qho, ua haujlwm nrog cov hlau alkali.



4. Decarboxylation ntawm butyric acid thiab nws cov ntsev.

Lub cev muaj zog ntawm propane

Raws li twb tau hais lawm, propane yog cov roj tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw. Nws yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab lwm yam polar solvents. Tab sis nws dissolves nyob rau hauv ib co organic tshuaj (methanol, acetone thiab lwm yam). Thaum -42, 1 ° C nws liquefies, thiab ntawm -188 ° C nws yuav khov. Flammable, raws li nws tsim cov nplaim taws thiab tawg sib xyaw nrog huab cua.

tshuaj lom neeg ntawm propane

Lawv sawv cev cov khoom ntawm alkanes.

1. Catalytic dehydrogenation. Ua tawm ntawm 575 ° C siv chromium (III) oxide lossis alumina catalyst.



2. Halogenation. Chlorination thiab bromination yuav tsum tau hluav taws xob ultraviolet los yog siab kub. Cov tshuaj chlorine feem ntau hloov cov txheej txheem hydrogen atom, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv qee cov molecules qhov nruab nrab yog hloov. Kev nce hauv qhov kub tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov nce ntxiv ntawm 2-chloropropane. Chloropropane tuaj yeem ua halogenated ntxiv los ua dichloropropane, trichloropropane, thiab lwm yam.

Lub tshuab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv halogenation yog saw. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teeb los yog kub kub, lub halogen molecule decomposes rau hauv radicals. Lawv cuam tshuam nrog propane, tshem tawm cov atom hydrogen los ntawm nws. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev txiav dawb yog tsim. Nws cuam tshuam nrog halogen molecule, rov ua dua nws mus rau hauv radicals.

Bromination tshwm sim los ntawm tib lub tshuab. Iodization tsuas yog ua tau nrog tshwj xeeb iodine-muaj reagents, vim propane tsis cuam tshuam nrog iodine ntshiab. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog fluorine, qhov tawg tshwm sim, ib qho polysubstituted propane derivative yog tsim.

Nitration tuaj yeem nqa nrog dilute nitric acid (Konovalov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) lossis nitric oxide (IV) ntawm qhov kub siab (130-150 ° C).

Sulfonic oxidation thiab sulphochlorination yog nqa tawm nrog UV teeb.

Propane combustion reaction: C₃H₈+ 5O₂ → 3CO 2 _{+ 4H}2_O.

Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau oxidation me ntsis siv qee cov catalysts. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv combustion ntawm propane yuav txawv. Hauv qhov no, propanol, propanal lossis propionic acid tau txais.kua qaub. Ntxiv nrog rau cov pa oxygen, peroxides (feem ntau hydrogen peroxide), hloov pauv hlau oxides, chromium (VI) thiab manganese (VII) cov tebchaw tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tshuaj oxidizing.

Propane reacts nrog sulfur los ua isopropyl sulfide. Rau qhov no, tetrabromoethane thiab txhuas bromide yog siv los ua catalysts. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm 20 ° C rau ob teev. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm los yog 60%.

Nrog tib cov catalysts, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide (I) tsim isopropyl ester ntawm 2-methylpropanoic acid. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau kho nrog isopropanol. Yog li, peb tau txiav txim siab cov khoom siv tshuaj propane.

Daim ntawv thov

Vim nws cov nplaim hluav taws zoo, propane yog siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev lag luam ua roj. Nws kuj tseem siv tau los ua roj rau tsheb. Propane hlawv ntawm yuav luag 2000 ° C, uas yog vim li cas nws yog siv rau vuam thiab txiav hlau. Propane burners kub bitumen thiab asph alt hauv kev tsim kho. Tab sis feem ntau lub khw tsis siv cov propane ntshiab, tab sis nws sib tov nrog butane (propane-butane).

Coj txawv txawv raws li nws zoo li, nws kuj tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus raws li E944 ntxiv. Vim nws cov khoom siv tshuaj, propane yog siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj tsw qab thiab tseem siv rau kev kho cov roj.

Ib qho sib xyaw ntawm propane thiab isobutane yog siv los ua cov tub yees R-290a. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo dua li cov tub yees qub thiab kuj yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg vim nws tsis deplete ozone txheej.

Daim ntawv thov zoo heevpropane pom nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis. Nws yog siv los tsim polypropylene thiab ntau yam kuab tshuaj. Hauv cov roj refining, nws yog siv rau deasph alting, uas yog, txo qhov feem ntawm hnyav molecules nyob rau hauv bitumen sib tov. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev rov ua dua qub asph alt.