Qhov kev kawm nyuaj tab sis nthuav dav li chemistry ib txwm ua rau muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Cov menyuam yaus txaus siab rau qhov kev sim, vim tias cov khoom ntawm cov xim ci tau txais, cov pa roj tso tawm lossis nag lossis daus tshwm sim. Tab sis tsuas yog ob peb ntawm lawv nyiam sau cov kab zauv sib npaug ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lom zem
Raws li tsoomfwv cov qauv niaj hnub no, cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tau qhia hauv cov tsev kawm theem nrab. Xws li cov kev kawm ntawm chemistry tseem tsis tau tso tseg yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas.
Raws li ib feem ntawm kev kawm txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj thiab daws cov teeb meem, cov tub ntxhais hluas chemist hones nws cov txuj ci hauv kev xyaum. Nws yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev sim txawv txawv uas tus kws qhia ntawv tsim kev txaus siab rau qhov kev kawm hauv nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia zoo tib yam, nws nyuaj rau tus kws qhia ntawv kom nrhiav tau lub sij hawm dawb txaus rau cov kev sim uas tsis yog tus qauv, thiab tsuas yog tsis muaj sij hawm los ua qhov kev sim hauv chemistry rau cov me nyuam.
Yuav kho qhov no, ntxiv kev xaiv thiab xaiv tau tsim. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntau tus menyuam yaus uas nyiam chemistry hauv qib 8-9 dhau los ua kws kho mob, kws muag tshuaj, kws tshawb fawb yav tom ntej, vim tias nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm no cov tub ntxhais hluas.tus kws kho mob tau txais lub sijhawm los ua nws tus kheej ua qhov kev sim thiab kos cov lus xaus los ntawm lawv.
Cov chav kawm twg muaj kev lom zem chemistry sim?
Nub qub, chemistry rau menyuam yaus tsuas muaj txij qib 8. Tsis muaj cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb lossis cov kev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv kev kawm chemistry rau cov menyuam yaus. Qhov tseeb, tsuas yog tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm nrog cov menyuam muaj txiaj ntsig hauv chemistry, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tus cwj pwm ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv rau qhov kev qhuab qhia no. Cov txiv neej ntshai thiab tsis nkag siab txog cov tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj, ua yuam kev hauv kev sau ntawv ionic equations.
Raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kev kawm niaj hnub no, qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv. Tam sim no, hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, kev sim rau cov menyuam yaus kuj muaj nyob rau qib qis. Cov me nyuam zoo siab ua cov hauj lwm uas tus xib fwb muab rau lawv, kawm kos cov lus xaus.
Cov chav kawm xaiv muaj ntsig txog chemistry pab cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab kom muaj kev txawj ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv hauv chav kuaj, thiab cov uas tsim los rau cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj cov kev sim tshuaj lom neeg. Piv txwv li, cov me nyuam kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov mis nyuj, paub txog cov khoom uas tau los ntawm souring nws.
Kev sim dej
Kev lom zem chemistry rau cov menyuam yaus yog qhov nthuav thaum lub sijhawm sim lawv pom qhov txawv txav: roj evolution, ci xim, tsis muaj sediment. Ib yam khoom xws li dej yog suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev sim ntau yam lom zem rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv.
Piv txwv li, chemistry rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 7 xyoo tuaj yeem pib nrog kev paub txog nws cov khoom. Tus kws qhia ntawv qhia cov me nyuam tias feem ntau ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb yog npog nrog dej. Tus kws qhia ntawv kuj qhia rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv tias nyob rau hauv ib lub txiv lws suav yog ntau tshaj 90 feem pua, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg - txog 65-70%. Tau hais rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv txog tias dej tseem ceeb npaum li cas rau tib neeg, peb tuaj yeem muab qee qhov kev sim zoo rau lawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsim nyog hais txog "kev ua khawv koob" ntawm dej txhawm rau txhawm rau ua rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv.
Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no, cov txheej txheem ntawm chemistry rau cov menyuam yaus tsis koom nrog cov cuab yeej kim - nws muaj peev xwm txwv koj tus kheej rau cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv.
Experience "Ice Needle"
Cia li muab piv txwv ntawm qhov yooj yim thiab nthuav kev sim nrog dej. Qhov no yog ib lub tsev ntawm cov duab puab dej khov - "kub". Rau qhov kev sim koj yuav xav tau:
- dej;
- rooj ntsev;
- ice cubes.
Lub sijhawm ntawm qhov kev sim yog 2 teev, yog li qhov kev sim no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv ib zaj lus qhia tsis tu ncua. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau ncuav dej rau hauv cov dej khov pwm, muab tso rau hauv lub freezer. Tom qab 1-2 teev, tom qab dej hloov mus rau hauv dej khov, kev lom zem chemistry tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus. Rau qhov kev paub dhau los, koj yuav xav tau 40-50 lub khob dej khov ua tiav.
Ua ntej, cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum tau nteg tawm 18 lub voos xwmfab ntawm lub rooj hauv daim duab square, tawm hauv qhov chaw dawb. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab sprinkle lawv nrog lub rooj ntsev, lawv ua tib zoo thov rau ib leeg, yog li gluing ua ke.
Maj mam tag nrho cov cubes txuas nrog, thiab thaum kawgnws hloov tawm ib tug tuab thiab ntev "kub" ntawm dej khov. Ua kom nws, txhua yam koj xav tau yog 2 teaspoons ntsev thiab 50 daim me me dej khov.
Koj tuaj yeem pleev xim dej los ua kom cov duab puab muaj xim zoo nkauj. Thiab raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev paub yooj yim, chemistry rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 9 xyoos dhau los ua kev nkag siab thiab zoo siab txog kev tshawb fawb. Koj tuaj yeem sim los ntawm gluing ice cubes nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub pyramid los yog rhombus.
Tornado Experiment
qhov kev paub no tsis xav tau cov khoom tshwj xeeb, cov tshuaj reagents thiab cov cuab yeej. Cov txiv neej yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv 10-15 feeb. Rau qhov kev sim, npaj khoom:
- lub raj mis pob tshab nrog lub hau;
- dej;
- tshuaj ntxuav tais diav;
- sequins.
Lub raj mis yuav tsum tau ntim 2/3 nrog dej dawb. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv 1-2 tee ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tais diav rau nws. Tom qab 5-10 vib nas this, ncuav ob peb pinches ntawm sparkles rau hauv lub raj mis. Tighten lub hau kom nruj, tig lub raj mis upside down, tuav lub caj dab, thiab twist clockwise. Tom qab ntawd peb nres thiab saib ntawm qhov tshwm sim vortex. Ua ntej "tornado" yuav ua haujlwm, koj yuav tsum tau rub lub raj mis 3-4 zaug.
Vim li cas " cua daj cua dub" tshwm hauv lub raj mis zoo tib yam?
Thaum tus me nyuam ua lub voj voog ncig, cua daj cua dub zoo ib yam li cua daj cua dub tshwm. Kev sib hloov ntawm cov dej nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw tshwm sim vim qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub zog centrifugal. Xib fwb qhia cov me nyuam txog qhov xwm txheej tornados txaus ntshai heev.
Cov kev paub zoo li no muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag li, tab sis tom qab nws, chemistry rau menyuam yaus dhau los ua kev tshawb fawb zoo heev. Rau qhov kev sim uaci dua, koj tuaj yeem siv cov xim xim, xws li potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate).
Kev sim "Bubbles"
Koj puas xav qhia rau cov menyuam tias kev lom zem chemistry yog dab tsi? Cov kev pab cuam rau cov menyuam yaus tsis pub tus kws qhia ntawv them nyiaj rau kev sim hauv cov lus qhia, tsuas yog tsis muaj sijhawm rau qhov no. Yog li cia peb ua qhov no xaiv tau.
Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm theem pib, qhov kev sim no yuav ua rau muaj kev xav zoo, thiab koj tuaj yeem ua nws hauv ob peb feeb. Peb yuav xav tau:
- xab npum kua;
- jar;
- dej;
- thin wire.
Hauv ib lub thawv, sib tov ib feem ntawm cov xab npum ua kua nrog rau rau qhov dej. Peb khoov qhov kawg ntawm ib qho me me ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub nplhaib, txo nws mus rau hauv cov xab npum sib tov, ua tib zoo rub nws tawm thiab tshuab tawm cov xab npum zoo nkauj ntawm peb tus kheej ua los ntawm pwm.
Tsuas xaim uas tsis muaj nylon txheej yog tsim rau qhov kev sim no. Txwv tsis pub, cov me nyuam yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tshuab xab npum npuas.
Txhawm rau ua kom nthuav dav rau cov txiv neej, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov xim zaub mov rau cov tshuaj xab npum. Koj tuaj yeem npaj cov xab npum sib tw ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, ces chemistry rau cov menyuam yaus yuav dhau los ua hnub so tiag. Tus kws qhia yog li no qhia cov me nyuam txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev daws teeb meem, solubility thiab piav qhia txog cov laj thawj ntawm cov npuas.
Kev lom zem cog dej kev paub
Pib nrog, tus kws qhia piav qhia tias dej tseem ceeb npaum li cas rau cov hlwb hauv cov kab mob muaj sia. Nws yog los ntawm nws qhov ntawdthauj cov as-ham. Tus kws qhia ntawv sau tseg tias yog tias tsis muaj dej txaus hauv lub cev, txhua yam muaj sia yuav tuag.
Rau qhov kev sim koj yuav xav tau:
- ntsuab teeb;
- tubes;
- ntsuab nplooj;
- test tube tuav;
- tooj liab sulfate (2);
- beaker.
Qhov kev sim no yuav siv sijhawm 1.5-2 teev, tab sis qhov tshwm sim, chemistry rau menyuam yaus yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb, lub cim ntawm khawv koob.
Ntsuab nplooj yog muab tso rau hauv lub raj tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, kho nws hauv qhov tuav. Nyob rau hauv lub nplaim taws ntawm lub teeb cawv, koj yuav tsum tau ua kom sov tag nrho lub raj 2-3 zaug, thiab tom qab ntawd ua qhov no tsuas yog nrog rau qhov chaw uas nplooj ntsuab.
Lub iav yuav tsum muab tso kom cov roj gaseous tso tawm hauv lub raj xa mus rau hauv nws. Sai li qhov cua sov ua tiav, mus rau ib qho poob ntawm cov kua tau txais hauv lub khob, ntxiv cov nplej dawb anhydrous tooj liab sulfate. Maj mam, cov xim dawb ploj mus, thiab tooj liab sulfate ua xiav lossis xiav.
Qhov kev paub no zoo siab rau menyuam yaus vim tias cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv ua ntej lawv ob lub qhov muag. Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim, tus kws qhia ntawv qhia cov me nyuam txog cov khoom xws li hygroscopicity. Nws yog vim nws lub peev xwm nqus dej vapor (qhib dej) uas dawb tooj liab sulfate hloov nws cov xim rau xiav.
Kev sim ua khawv koob
Qhov kev sim no haum rau kev qhia ua ntej hauv chav kawm xaiv hauv chemistry. Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum ua kom lub hnub qub zoo li qhov khoob ntawm cov ntawv lim thiab tsau rau hauv cov tshuaj phenolphthalein (qhov taw qhia).
Kev nce qibHauv kev sim nws tus kheej, lub hnub qub txuas nrog "magic wand" yog thawj zaug rau hauv cov tshuaj alkali (piv txwv li, hauv kev daws ntawm sodium hydroxide). Cov menyuam yaus pom yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv ib lub vib nas this nws cov xim hloov thiab ci crimson xim tshwm. Tom ntej no, daim ntawv xim yog muab tso rau hauv cov kua qaub (rau kev sim, kev siv cov tshuaj hydrochloric acid yuav zoo dua), thiab cov xim raspberry ploj - lub hnub qub yuav tsis muaj xim dua.
Yog tias qhov kev sim ua rau menyuam yaus, thaum lub sijhawm sim tus kws qhia ntawv qhia "cov lus dab neeg tshuaj lom neeg". Piv txwv li, tus phab ej ntawm zaj dab neeg tuaj yeem yog tus nas inquisitive uas xav paub tias yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj ntau xim ci hauv thaj av tej yam yees siv. Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm qib 8-9, tus kws qhia ntawv qhia lub tswv yim ntawm "qhia" thiab sau ntawv uas cov ntsuas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov chaw acidic, thiab cov tshuaj twg yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab qhov chaw alkaline ntawm kev daws teeb meem.
Gin in a bottle Experience
Qhov kev sim no yog qhia los ntawm tus kws qhia nws tus kheej, siv lub fume hood tshwj xeeb. Qhov kev paub yog ua raws li cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov concentrated nitric acid. Tsis zoo li ntau cov kua qaub, cov concentrated nitric acid tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov hlau nyob hauv cov haujlwm ntawm cov hlau tom qab hydrogen (xws li platinum, kub).
Muab nws tso rau hauv lub raj ntsuas thiab ntxiv ib daim ntawm cov hlau tooj liab rau ntawd. Hauv qab lub hood, lub raj ntsuas cua sov, thiab cov me nyuam saib cov tsos ntawm "liab gin" vapors.
Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm qib 8-9, tus kws qhia ntawv sau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj, qhia txog cov cim qhia ntawm nws chav kawm (xim hloov, qhov tsos ntawm cov roj). Covkev paub tsis tsim nyog rau kev ua qauv qhia sab nraum phab ntsa ntawm chav tsev kawm ntawv chemistry. Raws li txoj cai kev nyab xeeb, nws suav nrog kev siv lub fume hood, vim tias cov pa nitrogen oxide vapors ("xim av") yog qhov txaus ntshai rau menyuam yaus.
Kev sim hauv tsev
Yuav ua kom muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv chemistry, koj tuaj yeem muab kev sim hauv tsev. Piv txwv li, los ua ib qho kev sim ntawm kev loj hlob ntsev muaju.
Tus menyuam yuav tsum npaj cov kua ntsev uas muaj kuab txaus. Tom qab ntawd muab ib daim nyias nyias rau hauv nws, thiab thaum cov dej evaporates los ntawm cov dej tov, ntsev muaju yuav "loj hlob" rau ntawm nplooj.
Lub thawv tshuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob muab shaken lossis tig. Thiab thaum tom qab 2 lub lis piam cov muaju loj hlob, tus pas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tshem tawm los ntawm kev daws thiab qhuav. Thiab tom qab ntawd, yog tias xav tau, koj tuaj yeem npog cov khoom nrog cov kua roj vanish tsis muaj xim.
Zoo kawg
Tsis muaj ib qho kev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua li chemistry. Tab sis txhawm rau kom cov menyuam tsis txhob ntshai ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb nyuaj no, tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum mob siab rau sijhawm txaus hauv nws txoj haujlwm kom lom zem kev sim thiab kev sim txawv txawv.
Nws yog qhov kev txawj ntse uas tau tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo li no uas yuav pab txhawb kev txaus siab rau qhov kev kawm. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov qib qis, kev lom zem thwmsim raug txiav txim siab los ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci raws li ib txoj haujlwm ywj pheej thiab kev tshawb fawb.
