Cov lus Greek thaum ub yog nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm "tuag": hnub no koj tsis tuaj yeem ntsib tus neeg uas yuav siv nws hauv kev sib tham txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem hu ua tsis nco qab thiab irretrievably ploj. Cov lus ib leeg hauv Greek thaum ub tuaj yeem hnov txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Kawm nws cov tsiaj ntawv, cov qauv sau ntawv, thiab cov cai hais lus tsis yog ib qho yooj yim niaj hnub no.
Thaum immemorial
Keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Greek thaum ub pib nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Hellas yav tom ntej los ntawm cov pab pawg Balkan. Qhov no tshwm sim ntawm 21st thiab 17th centuries. BC. Lawv coj nrog lawv lub npe hu ua Proto-Greek, uas yuav ua rau Mycenaean, cov lus ntawm lub sijhawm classical, thiab tom qab ntawd Koine (Alexandrian) thiab cov ntawv niaj hnub ntawm Greek me ntsis tom qab. Nws sawv tawm ntawm Proto-Indo-European thiab tau hloov pauv ntau thaum yug, hnub yug thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub xeev zoo.
Cov ntawv pov thawj
Txog mus txog rau thaum Dorian ntxeem tau ntawm Bronze Age, txij thaum 16th mus rau 11th centuries BC. e., nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Crete, lub Mycenaean hom lus tau siv. Niaj hnub no nws yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau ancient version ntawm Greek. Txog niaj hnub no, Mycenaean tau muaj sia nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum pom ntawm cov kob ntawm Crete. Cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntawv (kwv yees li 6 txhiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho) muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv tsev. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv zoo li tsis tseem ceeb tau sau tseg hauv lawv, cov ntsiav tshuaj tau qhia rau cov kws tshawb fawb ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub sijhawm dhau los.
Zaj lus
Cov lus Greek thaum ub hauv txhua pawg neeg tau txais nws tus yam ntxwv. Sij hawm dhau mus, ntau yam ntawm nws cov lus tau tsim, uas yog ib txwm ua ke ua plaub pawg:
- sab hnub tuaj: qhov no suav nrog Ionian thiab Attic dialects;
- Western: Dorian;
- Arcade-Cypriot lossis South Achaean;
- Aeolian lossis North Achaean.
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Hellenistic, uas tau pib tom qab lub conquests ntawm Alexander lub Great, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus Attic, Koine sawv, ib hom lus Greek uas tau nthuav dav thoob plaws sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean. Tom qab ntawd, feem ntau cov lus niaj hnub yuav "loj hlob" los ntawm nws.
Ntawv
Hnub no, ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, tab sis yuav luag txhua tus paub cov lus Greek thaum ub. Tsab ntawv "may" ("tau"), as well as the letters "beta", "alpha", "sigma"thiab lwm yam yog siv hauv lej, physics thiab lwm yam kev tshawb fawb. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov tsiaj ntawv, zoo li cov lus nws tus kheej, tsis tshwm sim tawm ntawm huab cua nyias. Nws nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 10 lossis 9th. BC e. tau qiv los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Phoenician (Canaanite). Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv tau ploj mus dhau sijhawm, tab sis lawv cov npe thiab kev txiav txim tau khaws cia.
Nyob tim tim Nkij teb chaws thaum lub sij hawm ntawd muaj ntau lub chaw kab lis kev cai, thiab lawv txhua tus coj nws tus yam ntxwv rau cov tsiaj ntawv. Ntawm cov kev hloov hauv zos no, Milesian thiab Chalcidian yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Thawj zaug yuav pib siv hauv Byzantium me ntsis tom qab. Nws yog nws uas Cyril thiab Methodius yuav nteg nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic. Cov neeg Loos tau txais yuav Chalkid version. Nws yog tus progenitor ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, uas tseem siv thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe sab hnub poob.
Ancient Greek hnub no
Qhov laj thawj uas ua rau muaj coob tus neeg niaj hnub no los kawm "tuag" lus ntawm Greeks thaum ub zoo li tsis pom tseeb. Thiab tseem muaj. Rau philologists koom nrog kev sib piv lus thiab lwm yam kev kawm, kev nkag siab Greek thaum ub yog ib feem ntawm txoj haujlwm. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog culturologists, philosophers thiab historians. Rau lawv, Greek thaum ub yog cov lus ntawm ntau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. Tau kawg, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem nyeem hauv kev txhais lus. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus uas tau muab piv rau tus thawj thiab nws cov "kho" version rau cov lus hauv zos paub tias cov versions feem ntau txawv li cas. Yog vim li cas rau qhov sib txawv yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no saib, yam ntxwv ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev xaav ntawm tib neeg. Tag nrho cov nuances no tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv nyeem, hloov pauvNws yog tsim los ntawm cov kab lus uas tsis muaj peev xwm txhais tau, tag nrho lub ntsiab lus uas tuaj yeem nkag siab tsuas yog tom qab kawm cov lus qub.
Kev paub txog Greek thaum ub yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab cov lej suav nrog. Kev nkag siab cov lus ua rau kev sib tham yooj yim dua thiab, qee zaum, pab koj pom qhov cuav.
Qiv
Ancient Greek lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab muaj nyob rau hauv coob. Feem ntau peb tseem tsis tau paub txog lawv cov keeb kwm, uas qhia txog keeb kwm qub thiab kev paub. Cov npe Elena, Andrei, Tatyana thiab Fedor tuaj rau peb los ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws tom qab kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev lag luam muaj zog thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo nrog Hellenes thiab Byzantines, ntau lo lus tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus ntawm Slavic pab pawg neeg. Ntawm lawv yog "fritters", "sail", "vinegar", "doll". Niaj hnub no, cov lus no thiab cov lus zoo sib xws yeej paub tias nyuaj rau ntseeg lawv cov keeb kwm txawv teb chaws.
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm ntau yam kev paub kuj tseem muaj cov ntawv qiv nyiaj los ntawm Greek thaum ub. Los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Hellas tuaj rau peb cov npe ntawm ntau yam kev qhuab qhia (geography, astronomy, thiab lwm yam), kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo (monarchy, kev ywj pheej), nrog rau kev kho mob, suab paj nruag, ntawv nyeem thiab ntau lwm yam lus. Cov lus tshiab qhia txog cov khoom thiab qhov tshwm sim uas tseem tsis tau muaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm yog raws li Greek cov hauv paus hniav los yog lawv tsim siv Greek prefixes (xov tooj, microscope). Lwm cov lus siv niaj hnub no, tau poob lawv lub ntsiab lus qub. Yog li, cybernetics nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws ntawm bygone eras hu uamuaj peev xwm navigate lub nkoj. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, txawm tias tom qab ntau centuries, cov lus ntawm cov ancient inhabitants ntawm lub Peloponnese tseem nyob rau hauv kev thov.
