Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek pib siv tsis tu ncua txij thaum xaus ntawm lub 9th mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 8 BC. e. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov cim no yog thawj zaug suav nrog ob tus lej thiab cov suab, nrog rau cov cim siv los cais lawv. Cov ntawv Greek thaum ub yog dab tsi? Lawv tshwm sim li cas? Tsab ntawv twg xaus cov tsiaj ntawv Greek thiab qhov twg pib? Txog qhov no thiab ntau ntxiv tom qab hauv kab lus.
Cov ntawv Greek tshwm sim li cas thiab thaum twg?
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias hauv ntau hom lus Semitic, cov tsiaj ntawv muaj npe ywj pheej thiab txhais lus. Nws tsis yog qhov tseeb kiag li thaum qhov kev qiv ntawm cov paib tau tshwm sim. Cov kws tshawb fawb muab ntau hnub rau cov txheej txheem no txij li xyoo 14th txog rau xyoo pua 7 BC. e. Tab sis feem ntau cov kws sau ntawv pom zoo rau 9th thiab 10th centuries. Tom qab kev sib tham yog me ntsis implausible, raws li qhov ntxov tshaj plaws pom ntawm Greek inscriptions yuav rov qab mus rau ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th BC. e. los yog ua ntej. Nyob rau hauv lub 10th-9th centuries, North Semitic scripts muaj ib yam zoo sib xws. Tab sis muaj pov thawj tias cov Greeks tau txais kev sau ntawvtshwj xeeb yog cov Phoenicians. Qhov no kuj yog plausible vim hais tias pawg Semitic no yog cov neeg sib tw tshaj plaws thiab koom tes nrog kev lag luam thiab kev taw qhia.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek muaj 24 tus tsiaj ntawv. Hauv qee cov lus ntawm lub sijhawm preclassical, lwm cov cim kuj tau siv: heta, sampi, stigma, koppa, san, digamma. Ntawm no, peb tsab ntawv ntawm Greek cov tsiaj ntawv muab rau thaum kawg kuj tau siv los sau cov lej. Hauv Phoenician system, txhua tus cim tau raug hu ua lo lus uas pib nrog nws. Yog li, piv txwv li, thawj daim ntawv sau yog "alef" (bull, lub ntsiab lus), tus tom ntej yog "bet" (tsev), 3rd yog gimel (ntxhuav) thiab lwm yam. Tom qab ntawd, thaum qiv, kom yooj yim dua, hloov pauv yuav luag txhua lub npe. Cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Greek li no tau dhau los ua me ntsis yooj yim, tau poob lawv txhais. Yog li, aleph los ua alpha, bet ua beta, gimel los ua gamma. Tom qab ntawd, thaum qee cov cim tau hloov lossis ntxiv rau hauv kev sau ntawv, cov npe ntawm cov ntawv Greek tau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua. Yog li, piv txwv li, "omicron" yog ib qho me me, "omega" (tus cim kawg hauv kev sau ntawv) - feem, yog qhov loj o.
News
Cov ntawv Greek yog lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov ntawv loj nyob sab Europe. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj qhov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv tsis yog qiv los ntawm Semites xwb. Cov Greeks tau hloov lawv tus kheej rau nws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Semitic sau, kev taw qhia ntawm inscriptioncov cim tau los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug, lossis tig raws li cov kev taw qhia ntawm kab. Txoj kev thib ob ntawm kev sau ntawv tau hu ua "boustrophedon". Qhov kev txhais no yog kev sib txuas ntawm ob lo lus, txhais los ntawm Greek li "bull" thiab "tig". Yog li, ib daim duab pom ntawm tus tsiaj rub lub pliav hla lub teb yog tsim, hloov kev taw qhia ntawm furrow mus rau furrow. Yog li ntawd, hauv kev sau ntawv Greek, kev taw qhia ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev hloov pauv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib co cim. Yog li ntawd, tom qab cov ntawv Greek yog mirrored dluab ntawm Semitic cim.
Meaning
Rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Greek, ntau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau cov cim tau tsim thiab tsim kho, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv Middle East thiab Europe thiab tau siv los sau ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb. Cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic thiab Latin tsis muaj kev zam. Nws paub tias, piv txwv li, thaum tsim cov ntawv qub Slavonic, feem ntau siv cov ntawv Greek. Ntxiv rau kev siv los sau ib hom lus, cov cim kuj tau siv los ua cov cim lej thoob ntiaj teb. Niaj hnub no, cov ntawv Greek tau siv tsis yog hauv kev ua lej xwb, tab sis kuj yog lwm yam kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag. Tshwj xeeb, cov cim no yog hu ua hnub qub (piv txwv li, tsab ntawv 19 ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Greek "tau" tau siv los xaiv Tau Ceti), cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam.
Archaic Greek ntawv
Cov cim no tsis yog ib feem ntawm kev sau ntawv classical. Ib txhia ntawm lawv (sampi, koppa, digamma), raws li tau hais los saum toj no, tau siv rau cov ntaub ntawv tus lej. Tib lub sijhawm, ob - sampi thiab koppa - tseem siv niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv Byzantine lub sij hawm, lub digamma tau hloov los ntawm stigma ligature. Nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm archaic dialects, cov cim tseem muaj lub suab lub ntsiab lus thiab tau siv thaum sau lo lus. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Greek kev taw qhia yog Latin system thiab nws ntau yam. Tshwj xeeb, lawv suav nrog kev sau ntawv Gaelic thiab Gothic. Nrog rau qhov no, muaj lwm yam fonts uas ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj qha ntsig txog cov tsiaj ntawv Greek. Ntawm lawv, ogham thiab runic systems yuav tsum raug sau tseg.
Simbols siv ua lwm yam lus
Nyob hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, cov ntawv Greek tau siv los kho cov lus sib txawv kiag li (piv txwv li, Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov cim tshiab tau ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem tshiab - cov cim ntxiv uas cuam tshuam txog cov suab lus uas twb muaj lawm. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, cais sau ntawv feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv xws li mob. Yog li, piv txwv li, nws tshwm sim nrog cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic, Etruscan thiab Coptic. Tab sis feem ntau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv tseem tseem tsis tau hloov pauv. Qhov ntawd yog, thaum nws tau tsim, cov tsiaj ntawv Greek feem ntau tam sim no thiab tsuas yog me me ntawm cov cim ntxiv.
Kev faib tawm
Cov tsiaj ntawv Greek muaj ntau yam. Txhua hom yog txuam nrog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb lossis lub nroog-xeev. Tab sis tag nrho cov ntau yam nobelongs rau ib qho ntawm ob pawg tseem ceeb siv nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj Greek spheres ntawm kev cuam tshuam. Qhov sib txawv ntawm ntau yam muaj nyob rau hauv lub suab ua haujlwm uas tau txais los ntawm cov cim ntxiv rau cov uas twb muaj nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Yog li, piv txwv li, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj lub cim "psi" tau hais ua ps, nyob rau sab hnub poob li kh, thaum lub cim "chi" nyob rau sab hnub tuaj tau hais ua kh, sab hnub poob - ks. Classical Greek tsab ntawv yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm Ionic lossis Eastern hom kev sau ntawv. Nws tau raug lees paub hauv 404 BC. e. nyob rau hauv Athens thiab tom qab ntawd kis mus thoob tebchaws Greece. Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm tsab ntawv no yog cov txheej txheem sau ntawv niaj hnub, xws li, piv txwv li, Gothic thiab Coptic, uas tau muaj sia nyob tsuas yog siv ecclesiastical. Lawv kuj suav nrog cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic, tau txais rau Lavxias thiab lwm yam lus. Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb ntawm Greek kev sau ntawv - Western - tau siv nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm Ltalis thiab lwm thaj chaw sab hnub poob uas yog tim Nkij teb chaws. Nws ntseeg tau tias hom kev sau ntawv no tau tsim lub hauv paus rau tsab ntawv Etruscan, thiab dhau los ntawm nws - Latin, uas tau los ua lub ntsiab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ancient Rome thiab Western Europe.
