Tau ntau pua xyoo, Fabkis tau suav tias yog lub peev ntawm kev ncig tebchaws. Txhua xyoo, ntau lab tus neeg taug kev mus ncig xyuas thaj av ntawm Louis XIV. Lawv xav pom nws cov architectural sights nrog lawv tus kheej ob lub qhov muag. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm koj yuav kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Fabkis architecture.
Romance period
Lub sijhawm thaum qhov style no coj zoo li hauv architecture poob thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th thiab lub ntsiab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntseeg tias qhov no yog lub sijhawm thaum nyob rau Fabkis tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom siv xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm sab ntsuj plig hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Peb-aisled basilicas yog qhov dav tshaj plaws. Lawv cov vaults yog cylindrical. Piv txwv li, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Saint-Sernin nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Toulouse. Nws tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm 1080 thiab muaj npe tom qab lub nroog thawj tus npis sov. Daim duab hauv qab no qhia txog qhov piv txwv ntawm Romanesque architecture hauv Fabkis.
Lub tsev teev ntuj yog ua los ntawm cib. Nws layout zoo li tus ntoo khaub lig. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li Fabkis architecture ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, lub tsev teev ntuj tau vaultedqab nthab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj lwm qhov sib txawv, qhov no yog lub xub ntiag ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv. Thaum lub sij hawm Mass, koj tuaj yeem taug kev ncig lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tsis cuam tshuam cov parishioners.
Gothic
Gothic architecture hauv Fabkis tau tsim los ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Thawj lub tsev ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Los ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, Gothic tau nthuav dav thoob plaws Fabkis. Nws yog raws li ib tug thav duab system, vim hais tias cov load ntawm lub load-bearing phab ntsa yog txo. Yog li ntawd, architectural lug ua ntau elegant thiab nyias. Architects muaj lub sijhawm los siv lub qhov rais loj, kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qhov rais uas muaj xim zoo nkauj. Yog li, cov façades yog nplua nuj nrog lancet arches, nrog rau ntau cov duab puab.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, lub tuam tsev ntawm Fabkis tau hloov pauv sai. Muaj ntau yam khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj. Lub facades yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov mlom, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev paub lub cev nkhaus thiab postures. Thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua no hu ua Flaming Gothic, vim qhov qhib qhov rais zoo ib yam li nplaim taws.
Gothic architecture hauv Fabkis yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Paris, Chartres thiab lwm lub nroog. Cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Gothic yog Abbey ntawm Saint-Denis.
Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, cov tsev tau tsim tsa hauv cov qauv no, tab sis peb tab tom txav mus los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th mus rau xyoo pua 17th.
XVII caug xyoo
Lub sijhawm no nyob rau Fabkis yog cim los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroog, kev loj hlob ntawm lub vaj thiab chaw ua si. Historians hu lub xyoo pua no nyob rau hauv architecture lub era ntawm classicism. Lub sijhawm no yog ib qho ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Western Europeankab lis kev cai. Lub architecture ntawm Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th yog characterized los ntawm logic, simplicity, clarity, sib npaug thiab nruj proportions. Kev tsim kho thiab kev tswj hwm tam sim no nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm lub teb chaws. Ib txoj hauj lwm tshiab tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub palace - tus kws kes duab vajtse ntawm huab tais, los yog thawj tus kws kos duab. Cov peev nyiaj txiag loj heev tau muab faib rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub xeev xaj. Kev tsim kho yog tswj hwm los ntawm tsoomfwv cov koomhaum tsis yog hauv lub nroog nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem nyob hauv cov nroog hauv nroog. Lub xeev tau them los ntawm kev npaj ua haujlwm hauv nroog. Renaissance architecture nyob rau Fabkis. Cov chaw nyob tshiab tau tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm vaj ntxwv vaj ntxwv thiab tsev fuabtais. Yeej, cov khoom tsim yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug square los yog duab plaub. Muaj tsawg zaus, cov no yog polygons uas yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tiv thaiv, xws li moats, phab ntsa, bastions, rooj vag thiab yees. Hauv txhua lub nroog muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj kev sib luag nrog lub ntsiab square. Piv txwv li, lub nroog Henrichmont thiab Marl. Vajntxwv muab kev txiav txim kom rov tsim lub tsev qub kom lawv ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev npaj ua ntu zus. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub nroog yuav muaj txoj kev ncaj ncaj, txhim tsa lub nroog pawg, thiab cov squares ntawm daim ntawv raug yuav kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm txoj kev medieval.
Fabkis architecture yog breathtaking! Classicism style yog sawv cev los ntawm cov squares xws li Vendôme, Charles de Gaulle, Greve, Chatelet, Madeleine thiab lwm yam.
Chaw Muag Khoom
Qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm classicism yog nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm Fabkis lub peev. Lub square yog raws li ib tug octagon. Nws muaj npe tom qab ib tug xeeb ntxwv ntawm Henry 4. Nws yog noteworthy tias nwslub tsev nyob ze. Lub square yog tsim los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Jules Hardouin-Mansart. Kev tsim kho pib xyoo 1699. Ob xyoos tom qab, txoj haujlwm tiav lawm. Thaj chaw tau xeeb tub raws li lub tswv yim huab tais. Cov tsev zoo nkauj nrog cov façade zoo nkauj tsim ib qhov chaw kaw, thiab hauv nws qhov chaw muaj ib lub monument rau Louis 14. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm lub Great Revolution, lub cim ntawm huab tais tsis ciaj sia. Thaum Fabkis tau txiav txim los ntawm Napoleon Bonaparte, ib kab bronze tau tsim nyob rau hauv plawv ntawm Place Vendôme. Nws qhov siab yog 44 meters, thiab Austrian thiab Lavxias teb sab phom tau ua cov khoom siv rau nws. Art historians xav txog Trajan's obelisk hauv Rome los ua tus qauv ntawm Vendome Column.
Palace ntawm Versailles
Classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Fabkis kuj yog sawv cev los ntawm lub Palace ntawm Versailles, uas yog suav hais tias yog lub siab tshaj plaws taw tes nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no style. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lub palace thiab chaw ua si no yog qhov chaw nyob zoo ntawm Fabkis cov huab tais, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm Paris.
Keeb kwm ntawm qhov chaw nyob pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, uas yog nyob rau hauv 1623. Yav dhau los, qhov chaw no yog lub tsev fuabtais tua tsiaj me me, uas tau tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Louis 13. Tus kws kos duab Louis Leveau, nrog rau tus kws kos duab nto moo Andre Le Nôtre, tau hloov kho thiab nthuav dav lub tsev fuabtais me. Nyob rau sab laug, nws txhim tsa lub façade zoo nkauj saib lub tiaj ua si, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau tsim los ntawm Le Nôtre. Nyob rau hauv pem teb thib ob, Levo qhib ib lub terrace, qhov uas daim iav Gallery tom qab tshwm sim.
Yog li, thaum kawg ntawm kev tsim kho thib ob, lub Palace ntawm Versailles tau hloov mus ua lub palace thiab chaw ua si. Nws xav txogyog ib tug synthesis ntawm architecture, toj roob hauv pes tsim thiab sculpture.
Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, Versailles pawg tau rov tsim kho los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Jules Hardouin-Mansart. Nws nthuav lub palace ntau dua. Ntawm txhua sab erects ob tis, uas yog 500 meters ntev txhua. Hardouin-Mansart tsim ob pem teb ntxiv rau saum tus neeg kho kom zoo nkauj yav dhau los.
Yog li, Daim iav Gallery tshwm, uas kaw Lub Tsev Kev Thaj Yeeb thiab Tsov Rog. Hardouin-Mansart tsis nres ntawd. Nyob ze, nws txhim tsa ob lub tsev ua haujlwm, uas tsim lub Tsev Hais Plaub ntawm Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws. Tom qab ntawd nws txuas lawv nrog cov nplua nuj gilded lattice. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tag nrho cov tsev yog dai kom zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv tib style. Lub architecture ntawm Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th yog nyob rau hauv ib tug nruj centralized txoj cai ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas tso cai rau koj mus nqa ntau yam ntsiab lus ntawm lub ensemble mus rau ib tug tag nrho artistic tag nrho, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus qhia lub palace raws li ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws feem ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. pawg.
Lub xyoo pua dhau los tau raug cim los ntawm kev tsim kho loj loj, qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog baroque architecture pom. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, lub architecture ntawm Fabkis hloov. Raws li tau hais los saum no, cov nroog tau ua yav dhau los, tam sim no kev tsim kho tau txav mus rau hauv nroog. Xyoo tshiab, kev xav tau tshiab. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim cov tsev tshiab sib txawv ntawm cov vaj tsev-tsev loj. Nyob rau hauv no era, bourgeois kev sib raug zoo tsim. Kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam loj hlob. Qhov thib peb cov cuab yeej txhawb nqa nws lub luag haujlwm hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg, thiab tseem tso siab rau cov haujlwm ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev tshiab rau pej xeem, xws li kev sib pauv khoom lag luam, kev lag luam.thaj chaw, pej xeem ua yeeb yam thiab lwm yam. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nroog loj hlob tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev nom kev tswv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub economic lub neej ntawm lub xeev, uas txhais tau hais tias cov kev cai tshiab tshwm sim ua ntej cov architects nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub nroog ensembles.
Lub tsev tsim qauv ntawm Fabkis nyob rau xyoo pua 18th yog nrog los ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov tswv yim theoretical thiab kev xyaum ua lub tsev. Cov thawj coj hauv nroog tseem nyob ntawm qhov qub txeeg qub teg hauv lawv txoj kev xav, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum lawv deviate los ntawm nruj thiab irrationality. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Hardouin-Monsart los Robert de Cotte. nruj classicism yog hloov los ntawm intricate rococo style. Ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no yog lub tuam tsev monument - Pantheon.
Souflot thiab Saint Genevieve
Pantheon, lossis, raws li nws tau hu ua yav dhau los, Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Genevieve, sai sai tig los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj mus rau hauv keeb kwm monument. Thaum pib, lub tsev tau xeeb los ntawm Louis XV. Jacques-Germain Souflot tau teeb tsa txog kev tsim qhov project, vim nws tsis ntev los no tau rov qab los ntawm Ltalis. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws lub tswv yim tau tig tawm kom dav dua li cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Tus kws kes duab vajtse nthuav qhia lub hwj chim nrog lub tswv yim uas tsis yog lub tuam tsev nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib lub xwmfab nrog ob phau ntawv qhia rau cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm kev ntseeg thiab kev cai lij choj. Souflo sai sai no tso tseg lub tswv yim no, nws txwv nws tus kheej tsuas yog rau kev tsim kho lub tsev teev ntuj. Nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus lies ib tug ntoo khaub lig. Nws yog crowned nrog ib tug loj dome, uas yog surrounded los ntawm txhua. Lub facade ntawm lub tsev yog hais txog los ntawm ib tug haib portico ntawm rau kab, tus so ntawm lub phab ntsa tseem dawb huv, uas yog, tsis muaj qhib. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm pantheon yog li 120 meters.
Thaum lub kiv puag ncig, Pantheon tau hloov kho me ntsis. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas nws tau txiav txim siab ua lub qhov ntxa tawm ntawm nws. Ib feem ntawm lub qhov rais tau bricked, uas muab lub tsev austere thiab me ntsis gloomy saib. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ntau luxurious decorations thiab sculptures raug tshem tawm. Ntau cov duab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Fabkis tau muab faus rau hauv qab lub arches ntawm Pantheon. Cov seem ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, historians, philosophers thiab sau ntawv raug faus rau ntawd. Niaj hnub no, cov seem ntawm lub cev ntawm tsev neeg Curie, Voltaire, Rousseau, thiab lwm yam yog khaws cia rau hauv Pantheon. Nws yog noteworthy tias cov Parisians yeej khib heev ntawm leej twg yuav faus rau hauv lub mausoleum no. Txog tam sim no, tsuas yog 71 tus neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig no. Piv txwv li, Dumas nkag mus rau Pantheon nkaus xwb hauv 2002.
Theatres
Lub architecture ntawm kaum yim xyoo pua Fabkis yog cim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsev tshiab. Thaum lub sij hawm no, theatre tau tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Paris. Hauv ntau lub nroog hauv nroog, cov tsev ua yeeb yam tau tshwm sim, uas nyob rau hauv lawv cov tsos muaj ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog architectural pawg. Piv txwv li, lub tsev ua yeeb yam hauv lub nroog Bordeaux, uas tau tsim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Victor Louis, suav hais tias yog lub tsev zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab kev hwm ntawm cov kev taw qhia no hauv Fabkis. Lub tsev ua yeeb yam yog loj heev thiab duab plaub. Nws sawv hauv qhov chaw qhib. Nws façade yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kaum ob-columned portico. Kuj tseem muaj cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm vajtswv poj niam thiab muses uas txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj ntawm chav tsev. Lub ntsiab staircase nyob rau hauv lub theatre yog nyob rau hauv thawj zaug ib ya davhlau, ces nws muab faib ua ob lub tes tsho, lawv coj mus rau opposite sab ntawm chav tsev. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias xws li ib tug pem hauv ntej staircase tau dhau los ua qauv rau lwm lub tsev ua yeeb yam. Fabkis. Cov neeg npaj hauv nroog ntseeg tias kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Bordeaux yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qauv yooj yim, meej thiab zoo nkauj.
Yog li, lub tsev no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Fabkis.
Nineteenth century
xyoo tshiab - tiam tshiab. Nyob rau hauv architecture, lub xyoo pua 19th ntawm Fabkis lub xeev yog txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm proletarian thiab kev ywj pheej txav. Lub architecture ntawm Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog cov style ntawm Napoleon III. Kev lag luam tab tom txhim kho. Qhov tshwm sim no tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv kev npaj hauv nroog thiab architecture. Lub Paris Opera thiab Opera Garnier raug suav hais tias yog cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tsim vaj tsev no. Cov vaj tse yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm siab facades, ru tsev, thiab attics. Cov tuam tsev yog nplua nuj heev. Cov architects siv cov ntaub ntawv uas zoo heev. Sab hauv ntawm cov tsev tshiab tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov rooj tog nplua nuj thiab cov ntaub mos muag.
Hauv lwm lo lus, tus qauv ntawm Napoleon III tau sau nrog cov ntawv thiab cov duab zoo nkauj, nrog rau naturalism. Kev nqis peev loj hauv vaj tse tau hloov pauv cov qauv tsim ntawm Fabkis cov nroog, uas tso cai rau cov neeg tsim kho hauv nroog thiab cov neeg kho kom zoo nkauj nthuav tawm lawv cov tswv yim, uas tsis txwv los ntawm bourgeois zej zog. Yog li ntawd, muaj tsev, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kab ua ke. Lub peev ntawm Fabkis tau tshwm sim ua ntej cov pej xeem hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub nroog nrog cov tsev siab siab.
Modern Monuments
Disneyland, uas nyob hauv Paris, tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau qhov pom tshiab ntawm Fab Kis architecture. Coob leej xav li ntawdQhov no yog lub ntsiab lus Asmeskas, tab sis Le Bourget air show tsis yog ib qho ntawm cov ntawd. Nws square nyob yuav luag nyob hauv plawv nroog. Txhua txhua xyoo, ib qho kev nthuav qhia loj loj tau muaj nyob ntawm no, uas cov kws tsav dav hlau zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb koom nrog, suav nrog cov neeg los ntawm Lavxias Federation. Yog tias dheev ib tug neeg tsis tau mus rau hauv huab cua qhia, ces koj yuav tsum tsis txhob chim, vim hais tias koj tuaj yeem mus xyuas lub tsev cia puav pheej rau aviation. Lub exhibition muaj cov khoom sau los ntawm tsis tsuas yog dav hlau xwb, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam zoo kawg nkaus ntawm aircraft.
Cov neeg nyiam ntawm cov tsev siab thiab cov pej thuam yuav tsum mus xyuas La Défense koog tsev kawm ntawv, uas yog cov qauv Fabkis niaj hnub niaj hnub. Nws nyob ntawm no uas cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws yuav pom cov tsev ua los ntawm iav thiab pob zeb. Cov neeg hauv zos hu nws Parisian Manhattan. Nws yog suav hais tias yog lub chaw lag luam ntawm Paris, qhov twg muaj ntau lub chaw haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab hauv ntiaj teb nyob. Lub 180-meter pej thuam ntawm Fiat pib txhawj xeeb, uas ua tiav nrog dub sparkling granite, suav hais tias yog siab tshaj.
Nyob hauv kaw
Tus qauv ntawm Fabkis architecture yuav tsis poob siab rau leej twg. Txawm tias ib xyoos yuav tsis txaus rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uas nyiam tshaj plaws los tshawb txog txhua qhov pom ntawm Fabkis thiab Paris nws tus kheej nrog kev saib xyuas.
