Hydrogen chloride - yog dab tsi? Hydrogen chloride yog cov roj tsis muaj xim nrog cov ntxhiab tsw. Nws yooj yim yaj hauv dej, tsim hydrochloric acid. Cov tshuaj formula ntawm hydrogen chloride yog HCl. Nws muaj hydrogen atom thiab chlorine txuas nrog covalent polar bond. Hydrogen chloride yooj yim dissociates nyob rau hauv polar solvents, uas muab zoo acidic zog ntawm no compound. Daim ntawv cog lus ntev yog 127.4 nm.
Lub cev muaj zog
Raws li tau hais los saum no, hauv lub xeev ib txwm muaj, hydrogen chloride yog roj. Nws yog qhov hnyav dua li huab cua, thiab tseem muaj hygroscopicity, uas yog, nws nyiam cov dej vapor ncaj qha los ntawm huab cua, tsim cov huab cua tuab. Vim li no, hydrogen chloride tau hais tias "tsim pa luam yeeb" hauv huab cua. Yog tias cov roj no txias, tom qab ntawd ntawm -85 ° C nws liquefies, thiab los ntawm -114 ° C nws dhau los ua khoom. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1500 ° C, nws decomposes rau hauv cov khoom yooj yim (raws li cov qauv ntawm hydrogen chloride, rau hauv chlorine thiab hydrogen).
HCl cov tshuaj hauv dej yog hu ua hydrochloric acid. Nws yogyog cov kua tsis muaj xim tsis muaj xim. Qee lub sij hawm nws muaj xim daj vim yog impurities ntawm chlorine lossis hlau. Vim yog hygroscopicity, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 20 ° C yog 37-38% los ntawm qhov hnyav. Lwm yam khoom ntawm lub cev kuj nyob ntawm nws: ntom, viscosity, melting thiab boiling ntsiab lus.
tshuaj muaj zog
Hydrogen chloride nws tus kheej feem ntau tsis hnov mob. Tsuas yog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (tshaj 650 ° C) nws tsis hnov mob nrog sulfides, carbides, nitrides thiab borides, nrog rau kev hloov pauv hlau oxides. Thaum muaj Lewis acids, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog boron, silicon, thiab germanium hydrides. Tab sis nws cov tshuaj aqueous yog tshuaj lom neeg ntau dua. Los ntawm nws cov mis, hydrogen chloride yog cov kua qaub, yog li nws muaj qee yam ntawm cov kua qaub:
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau (uas yog nyob rau hauv electrochemical series ntawm voltages mus txog hydrogen):
Fe + 2HCl=FeCl2 + H2
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog amphoteric thiab yooj yim oxides:
BaO + 2HCl=BaCl2 + H2O
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog alkalis:
NaOH + HCl=NaCl + H2O
Kev sib tham nrog qee cov ntsev:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl=2NaCl + H2O + CO 2
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog ammonia, ib qho ammonium chloride ntsev yog tsim:
NH3 + HCl=NH4Cl
Tab sis hydrochloric acid tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau lead vim passivation. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsim ntawm ib txheej ntawm txhuas chloride ntawm cov hlau nto, uas yog insolublehauv dej. Yog li, txheej txheej no tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntxiv nrog hydrochloric acid.
Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv organic, nws tuaj yeem ntxiv rau ntau daim ntawv cog lus (hydrohalogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv). Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov proteins lossis amines, tsim cov organic ntsev - hydrochlorides. Artificial fibers, xws li ntawv, raug rhuav tshem thaum cuam tshuam nrog hydrochloric acid. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox nrog cov tshuaj oxidizing muaj zog, hydrogen chloride txo qis rau chlorine.
Ib qho sib xyaw ntawm hydrochloric thiab nitric acid (3 mus rau 1 los ntawm ntim) hu ua "aqua regia". Nws yog ib qho muaj zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Vim yog tsim cov tshuaj dawb chlorine thiab nitrosyl hauv qhov sib tov, aqua regia tuaj yeem yaj kub thiab platinum.
Tau txais
Ua ntej hauv kev lag luam, hydrochloric acid tau tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm sodium chloride nrog cov kua qaub, feem ntau sulfuric:
2NaCl + H2SO4=2HCL + Na2SO 4
Tab sis txoj kev no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig txaus, thiab qhov purity ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim tsawg. Tam sim no lwm txoj kev yog siv kom tau (los ntawm cov khoom yooj yim) hydrogen chloride raws li cov mis:
H2 + Cl2=2HCl
Yuav ua raws li txoj kev no, muaj cov kev teeb tsa tshwj xeeb uas cov roj hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau hauv cov kwj mus tas li rau cov nplaim taws uas muaj kev sib cuam tshuam. Hydrogen yog nkag rau hauv me ntsis dhau los kom tag nrho cov tshuaj chlorine reacts thiab tsis paug cov khoom tshwm sim. Hydrogen chloride yog tom qab ntawd yaj hauv dej los tsim hydrochloric acid.acid.
Hauv chav kuaj, ntau hom kev npaj muaj peev xwm ua tau, piv txwv li, hydrolysis ntawm phosphorus halides:
PCl5 + H2O=POCl3 + 2HCl
Hydrochloric acid kuj tuaj yeem tau los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm crystalline hydrates ntawm qee cov hlau chlorides ntawm qhov kub siab:
AlCl36H2O=Al(OH)3 + 3HCl + 3H 2O
Tsis tas li, hydrogen chloride yog cov khoom lag luam los ntawm cov tshuaj chlorination ntawm ntau cov organic tebchaw.
Daim ntawv thov
Hydrogen chloride nws tus kheej tsis yog siv hauv kev xyaum, vim nws nqus dej sai sai ntawm huab cua. Yuav luag tag nrho cov hydrogen chloride tsim yog siv los tsim hydrochloric acid.
Nws yog siv hauv metallurgy los ntxuav qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau, nrog rau kom tau cov hlau ntshiab los ntawm lawv cov ore. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov lawv mus rau hauv chlorides, uas yooj yim rov qab los. Piv txwv li, titanium thiab zirconium tau txais. Cov kua qaub tau siv dav hauv cov organic synthesis (hydrohalogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv). Tsis tas li, cov tshuaj chlorine ntshiab yog qee zaum tau los ntawm hydrochloric acid.
Nws kuj yog siv tshuaj ua tshuaj sib xyaw nrog pepsin. Nws yog noj nrog tsis txaus acidity ntawm lub plab. Hydrochloric acid yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus raws li ib tug additive E507 (acidity regulator).
Kev nyab xeeb
Ntawm qhov siab, hydrochloric acid yog corrosive. Kev sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg kub hnyiab. Inhalation ntawm hydrogen chloride gas ua rauhnoos, txham, thiab mob hnyav txawm tias mob ntsws ntsws, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus.
Raws li GOST, nws muaj chav kawm txaus ntshai thib ob. Hydrogen chloride yog cais raws li NFPA 704 raws li ib feem peb ntawm plaub yam kev phom sij. Kev kis mus rau lub sijhawm luv yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj ib ntus lossis nruab nrab.
Kev pab ib zaug
Yog tias hydrochloric acid nkag rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, lub qhov txhab yuav tsum tau ntxuav nrog dej kom ntau thiab cov tshuaj alkali tsis muaj zog lossis nws cov ntsev (piv txwv li, dej qab zib).
Yog tias hydrogen chloride vapor nkag mus rau hauv txoj hlab ua pa, tus neeg raug tsim txom yuav tsum raug coj tawm mus rau huab cua ntshiab thiab nqus pa oxygen. Tom qab ntawd, yaug koj caj pas, yaug koj ob lub qhov muag thiab qhov ntswg nrog 2% sodium bicarbonate tov. Yog tias hydrochloric acid nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov muag, tom qab ntawd nws tsim nyog tso lawv nrog cov tshuaj novocaine thiab dicaine nrog adrenaline.
