Kev tshawb fawb hauv computer yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb me me. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Dab tsi yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau qhov tshwm sim? Feem ntau, cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv uas tau poob rau tib neeg. Tom ntej no, peb yuav txiav txim siab seb computer science yog dab tsi, lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no, nws cov hom phiaj.
Tshuaj thiab txhim kho
Yog li, txhais lub computer science. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj ua nws tawm ntawm tus puav. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau tshwm sim nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm lub khoos phis tawj, ua raws li cov cuab yeej thev naus laus zis uas muaj peev xwm txhim kho tib neeg lub peev xwm thiab ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv loj heev. Txij li thaum qhov no tseem yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb hluas heev, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tseem tshwm sim ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev txhais, cov lus qhia ntawm kev loj hlob, nrog rau nws lub luag haujlwm hauv zej zog. Tag nrho cov no tsuas yog hais tias qhov kev tshawb fawb no tab tom txhim kho sai heev.
Peb tiam tau pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no raws li cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv yog dab tsi? Hauv computer science, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no yogtsis yog ib qho nqi xwb. Nws sawv cev rau cov peev txheej tshiab ntawm noob neej, koom nrog lwm yam kev paub zoo: lub zog, ntuj, tib neeg. Ntxim qab tiag tiag li os txhua hnub nws tsuas nce xwb.
Information
Cov ntaub ntawv yog dab tsi? Hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv computer, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no tuaj yeem piav qhia raws li hauv qab no: nws yog cov teeb liab uas pom los ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb lossis lub paj hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj uas siv cov sensors thiab software systems uas cuam tshuam txog txhua yam khoom ntawm cov khoom, nrog rau cov xwm txheej. txuam nrog rau lub cev ua si. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov teeb liab yuav tsum qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm khaws cia, xa tawm, nrog rau kev hloov pauv lossis ua tiav lawv. Cov kev tshawb fawb uas kawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem no yog computer science yog dab tsi. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb no suav nrog cov ntsiab lus xws li "cov ntaub ntawv" thiab "automation".
Lo lus tau los siv nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem hauv Fab Kis, txhawm rau qhia txog kev ua cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm txoj kev tsis siv neeg. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia thawj txhais tau tias documentary, kev tshawb fawb cia, librarianship. Thiab tam sim no qhov kev tshawb fawb no twb txhais tau hais tias ib qho txawv kiag li thiab tau nkag mus rau txhua qhov ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Nws suav nrog thaj chaw cuam tshuam txog kev saib xyuas cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, uas suav nrog cov cuab yeej siv, software.
Informatics tswvyim
Nws yog qhov pom tau tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv computer yog piav qhia thiab tsis ua txuj ua ib qho kev txwv. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog raws li xws li generalpawg xws li "cov ntaub ntawv", "cov khoom", "cov teeb liab", thiab lwm yam. Tab sis cov computer sciences lub tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus no yooj yim piav qhia.
Cov teeb liab yog cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau xa mus (hloov) ntawm qhov deb uas siv cov khoom thauj khoom hu ua kev sib txuas lus. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev hloov ntaub ntawv yog dab tsi computer science yog.
Hauv computer science, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog raws li hauv qab no: lawv yog ib daim ntawv zoo li qub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas raug xa mus dhau sij hawm siv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm. Lawv hu ua cov cuab yeej cia.
Yog tias peb sawv cev rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov cov ntaub ntawv hauv txoj kev paub daws teeb meem, ces nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb lub ntsiab:
- Ntawv qhia zaub mov.
- xov xwm xa xov channel.
- Cov ntaub ntawv txais.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus tsim cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog, qee yam lus. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm "kev paub" thiab "cov ntaub ntawv" tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qhov sib npaug nrog cov ntaub ntawv.
Kev Paub yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm computer science. Lawv yog cov ntaub ntawv qib siab hu ua semantic. Raws li nws lub hauv paus, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov laj thawj kev xav, qee cov lus xaus tau txais, kuj hu ua semantic.
Nyob zoo
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv computer yog "program", "qauv" thiab "algorithm". Tus qauv yog ib tug conditional analogue ntawm ib yam khoom, uas muaj tej yam khoom. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tus qauv yog los kawm cov khoom no. Lub algorithm yog ib txoj hauv kev los nrhiav txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm txhua qhov teeb meem. Nws kom meej meejtxiav txim siab raws li txhua qhov kev ua uas tsim nyog. Qhov kev zov me nyuam tsuas yog cov algorithm xwb, uas tau nthuav tawm hauv ib hom lus programming. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm computer science raws li kev tshawb fawb yog kev tshawb nrhiav kev paub hauv txhua qhov ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm nrog kev pab ntawm computers.
Kev tshawb fawb no muaj ntau yam haujlwm. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no:
- Kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis uas ua cov ntaub ntawv.
- Kev tshawb fawb txog ntau yam txheej txheem.
- Kev qhia txog computers hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej.
- Tsim cov tshiab, txhim kho thev naus laus zis uas ua cov ntaub ntawv ntws loj.
Computer science yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas tsis tuaj yeem nyob nyias ntawm lwm tus, vim nws lub hom phiaj yog tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas yuav siv los daws teeb meem hauv ntau yam.
Kev taw qhia
Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho yog siv, theoretical thiab technical informationatics.
Applied Informatics tsim cov hauv paus kev paub, txhim kho txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim khoom. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, nws yog lub ntsiab catalyst rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Applied informationatics saturates txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev ua si nrog cov ntaub ntawv.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm theoretical informationatics yog kev txhim kho cov kev xav dav dav rau kev tshawb nrhiav, ua, thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv, txheeb xyuas qhov kev vam meej hauv kev tsim thiab hloov pauv.cov ntaub ntawv, kev kawm ntawm tib neeg-lub computer kev sib txuas lus, kev loj hlob ntawm technology.
Technical informationatics yog ib ceg uas suav nrog cov tshuab ua haujlwm rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv, tsim cov qauv tshiab ntawm cov tshuab computer, kev txawj ntse, neeg hlau, thiab lwm yam.
Structure, shape and dimension of information
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas cov ntaub ntawv muaj yog cov qauv thiab daim ntawv. Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov uas txhais cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas ua rau nws. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog sib xws.
A system yog ib qho khoom sau uas tsis muaj nyob hauv ib qho ntawm nws tus kheej.
Cov ntaub ntawv nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv:
- Binary (cov ntaub ntawv uas sawv cev los ntawm lub tshuab code).
- Sonic.
- nraaj (duab, kos duab, kos duab).
- Text and symbolic (cov ntawv, lej, kos npe).
- Video.
Thaum cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm ib txhij hauv ntau daim ntawv, qhov no hu ua kev nthuav qhia ntau yam.
Ib yam khoom tsis meej, uas tuaj yeem nyob hauv ob lub xeev sib txawv, raug xaiv los ua tus qauv ntsuas rau cov ntaub ntawv. Xws li cov khoom yog hu ua binary lossis binary. Nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 1 ntsis. Nws yog los ntawm chav tsev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas loj bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, thiab lwm yam tuaj. Lawv ua haujlwm hauv computer science. Kev txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawvhnub no yog ib txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb.
YComputer science thiab technology
Cov lus qhuab qhia txog kev hloov pauv lub luag haujlwm uas cov ntaub ntawv tau pib ua hauv tib neeg lub neej tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab ntawv tseeb. Cov kev hloov no yog dab tsi?
- Ntawm ob peb lub xyoo dhau los, ib tus tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nce ntxiv. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem tau raug hu ua tib lub peev txheej ntawm cov zej zog uas tsis muaj wanes. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qee qhov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov txheej txheem. Qee lub sij hawm nws tsis yooj yim rau kev sau thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv, vim tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los ua thiab siv nws qhov kev xav.
- Qhov feem ntawm cov teeb meem hauv kev sib txuas lus tau nce. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yog corrupted los yog ploj thaum kis.
- Muaj teeb meem loj vim thaj chaw, lus, lus siv, kev tswj hwm thiab lwm yam teeb meem.
- Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv siv tau feem ntau ua tsis tau vim qhov tseeb tias nws raug cais tawm ntawm ntau qhov chaw.
Lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb
Txoj haujlwm tsis tu ncua los daws txhua yam teeb meem no tau ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej ntawm kev qhuab qhia - computer science. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, tus cwj pwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv ntau lub tshuab, txoj hauv kev rau nws cov khoom sau, ua, khaws cia thiab xa mus. Ib tug multifaceted science - uas yog dab tsi computer science yog. Hauv computer science, lub ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no yog hu ua cov ntaub ntawv technology. Cov lus no tsis yog ib leeg xwb. Muajtseem yog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no ntawm computer science: nws yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov lus piav qhia, kev sawv cev, kev tsim thiab kev siv cov kev paub uas tau sau nrog kev pab ntawm computer technology. Nws lub hom phiaj yog kom tau txais kev paub tshiab.
Kev siv lo lus "computer science", uas qhia txog kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb, feem ntau tsis lees paub. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, piv txwv li, daim teb no feem ntau hu ua computer science.
Computer science thiab society
Ib yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim lub universality ntawm lawv tus cwj pwm. Sab nraub qaum ntawm lub universality no yog cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim hauv formalization ntawm cov lus piav qhia.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis yog cov txheej txheem ua rau lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm hauv zej zog. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ntau thiab ntau tus neeg tau koom nrog hauv cov haujlwm ntsig txog kev lag luam xov xwm. Ob peb xyoos dhau los, tau muaj kev hloov pauv loj heev hauv cov qauv ntawm kev ua lag luam rau kho vajtse thiab software rau computer technology. Nws tab tom hloov los ntawm kev pabcuam thiab khoom lag luam rau hauv kev lag luam thev naus laus zis.
Txhua yam saum toj no qhia tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv computer yog ntau yam. Nws yog kev tshawb fawb uas thaum kawg yuav dhau los ua ib yam dab tsi ntxiv.
